{"id":5630,"date":"2014-08-20T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-08-19T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/uspesni-podnikatelia-na-prelome-19-a-20-storocia-2\/"},"modified":"2014-08-20T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2014-08-19T23:00:00","slug":"uspesni-podnikatelia-na-prelome-19-a-20-storocia-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/uspesni-podnikatelia-na-prelome-19-a-20-storocia-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Successful entrepreneurs at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0Doba, v ktorej za\u010dala Amerika prekvita\u0165, bola\u00a0na prelome 19. a\u017e 20. storo\u010dia. Po\u010das tohto\u00a0obdobia sa men\u00e1 ako J.D. Rockefeller, A.\u00a0Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, H. Ford a C. Vanderbilt\u00a0stali zn\u00e1mymi na celom svete. V\u0161etci t\u00edto p\u00e1ni\u00a0mali nie\u010do spolo\u010dn\u00e9 – mas\u00edvne vyr\u00e1bali, pred\u00e1vali\u00a0a pon\u00fakali slu\u017eby s obrovsk\u00fdm z\u00e1ujmom\u00a0ve\u013ekej \u010dasti obyvate\u013estva. Olej, elektrina, \u017eelezo,\u00a0\u017eeleznice aj aut\u00e1 pre ka\u017edodenn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie\u00a0boli v tej dobe \u017eiadan\u00e9 v celej Amerike a nesk\u00f4r\u00a0aj vo svete. Uskuto\u010dnenie t\u00fdchto vec\u00ed na\u00a0predaj spravilo spomenut\u00fdch p\u00e1nov okam\u017eite\u00a0nielen \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fdmi podnikate\u013emi, ale aj uzn\u00e1van\u00fdmi\u00a0osobnos\u0165ami.<\/strong><\/h3>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0Spomenut\u00ed podnikatelia polo\u017eili z\u00e1klad svojho podnikania\u00a0v tom, \u017ee skupovali svojich konkurentov vo ve\u013ekom, k\u00fdm sa z nich\u00a0nestali glob\u00e1lne medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 firmy, ako v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti zn\u00e1me General\u00a0Electric, J.P. Morgan Chase, U.S. Steel, Ford Motor Company\u00a0a mnoh\u00e9 in\u00e9. Jeden z prv\u00fdch podnikate\u013eov, ktor\u00fd za\u010dal s tak\u00fdmito\u00a0met\u00f3dami, bol Cornelius Vanderbilt, prez\u00fdvan\u00fd Commodore.\u00a0Ovl\u00e1dal \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00fa prepravu vr\u00e1tane v\u0161etk\u00fdch tr\u00e1s \u017eelezn\u00edc po\u00a0celej Amerike a ke\u010f to bolo mo\u017en\u00e9, pohltil a likvidoval konkurenciu,\u00a0aby z\u00edskal priestor pre svoju vlastn\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165. Boli to prv\u00e9\u00a0monopolistick\u00e9 praktiky.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Podnikatelia v tom \u010dase chceli prinies\u0165 svoje slu\u017eby a tovar\u00a0na \u0161pi\u010dku a hne\u010f na to ovl\u00e1dnu\u0165 trh pre seba. Be\u017en\u00e1 popul\u00e1cia\u00a0v Amerike v tom \u010dase trpela zl\u00fdmi pracovn\u00fdmi podmienkami,\u00a0ke\u010f\u017ee neexistovali \u017eiadne regul\u00e1cie, po\u010det odpracovan\u00fdch hod\u00edn\u00a0alebo hygiena. \u013dudia na to dopl\u00e1cali \u017eivotom, ale na druhej\u00a0strane boli radi, \u017ee v\u00f4bec maj\u00fa pr\u00e1cu, ke\u010f\u017ee vl\u00e1dla ve\u013ek\u00e1 nezamestnanos\u0165.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Monopolistick\u00e9 praktiky definit\u00edvne rie\u0161il antimonopoln\u00fd\u00a0z\u00e1kon a v roku 1911 sa \u0161t\u00e1tu podarilo rozbi\u0165 najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed monopol\u00a0sveta, Standard Oil, ktor\u00e9ho majite\u013eom bol J.D. Rockefeller. S\u00fad\u00a0mu nariadil rozbi\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru spolo\u010dnosti a\u017e do 90 r\u00f4znych\u00a0spolo\u010dnost\u00ed. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165, ktor\u00fa zalo\u017eil v roku 1870 v Ohiu ako\u00a0mal\u00fa firmu Standard Oil Co. Inc., sa rozbila na firmy ako Standard\u00a0Oil of New York a Standard Oil of New Jersey, dnes zn\u00e1me ako\u00a0ExxonMobil a Chevron.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Andrew Carnegie bol magn\u00e1t v oceliarstve. Jeho firma Carnegie\u00a0Steel Company je dnes zn\u00e1ma ako U.S. Steel Corporation.\u00a0Premenovanie nastalo po odk\u00fapen\u00ed J.P. Morganom a konsolid\u00e1cii\u00a0sektora v cene 13,2 miliardy USD. Carnegieho snom bolo\u00a0dosta\u0165 svoje v\u00fdrobky na vysok\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 a by\u0165 \u0161pi\u010dkou na trhu.\u00a0J.P. Morgan sa narodil v bank\u00e1rskej rodine a o\u010dak\u00e1valo sa od\u00a0neho u\u017e od za\u010diatku ve\u013emi ve\u013ea. U\u017e od \u00f4smich rokov mu d\u00e1val\u00a0otec prebera\u0165 \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00edcke knihy a poh\u013ead\u00e1vky, ale zap\u00e1\u010dila sa mu\u00a0my\u0161lienka invest\u00edci\u00ed a podpory podnikania. V \u010dase v\u00fdvoja zariaden\u00ed\u00a0na spracovanie elektriny sa spojil s Edisonom a predstavili\u00a0svetu svoju prv\u00fa elektrick\u00fa \u017eiarovku. Morganovej rodine sa to ale\u00a0nep\u00e1\u010dilo, preto ho nepodporovali a \u017eiadali, aby sa venoval rodinnej\u00a0bankovej trad\u00edcii. Morgan v\u0161ak videl svoju cestu v investovan\u00ed\u00a0a dnes sa zd\u00e1, \u017ee patril medzi prv\u00fdch pionierov investi\u010dn\u00e9ho bankovn\u00edctva\u00a0v\u00f4bec. J.P. Morgan okrem in\u00e9ho investoval napr\u00edklad\u00a0aj do v\u00fdstavby Panamsk\u00e9ho prieplavu, \u010do bola v tom \u010dase ve\u013emi\u00a0riskantn\u00e1 a finan\u010dn\u00e9 ve\u013emi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 oper\u00e1cia.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0O p\u00e1r rokov nesk\u00f4r gener\u00e1ciu prv\u00fdch industrialistov vystriedala\u00a0druh\u00e1 vlna. Jej hlavn\u00fdm predstavite\u013eom bol Henry Ford. Ford\u00a0bol zn\u00e1my nielen svojimi autami, ale aj vyn\u00e1lezmi, ktor\u00e9 sa nesk\u00f4r\u00a0za\u010dali naz\u00fdva\u0165 \u201emassproduct\u201c alebo \u201emasov\u00e1 (p\u00e1sov\u00e1) v\u00fdroba\u201c.\u00a0Ford mal ideu vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 automobily, ktor\u00e9 by si vedeli zak\u00fapi\u0165 aj\u00a0oby\u010dajn\u00ed \u013eudia, ke\u010f\u017ee v tej dobe boli aut\u00e1 iba pre bohat\u00fdch. Stret\u00e1val\u00a0sa okrem in\u00fdch aj s byrokratick\u00fdmi prek\u00e1\u017ekami, kedy mu\u00a0nechceli schv\u00e1li\u0165 v\u00fdrobu automobilu. A\u017e po prepracovan\u00ed svojho\u00a0vozidla dostal potrebn\u00e9 povolenia a za\u010dal vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 sl\u00e1vny Model\u00a0T. Ford postupoval vo svojej my\u0161lienke vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 aut\u00e1 pre ka\u017ed\u00e9ho\u00a0\u010dloveka a zistil, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 zriadi\u0165 p\u00e1sov\u00fa v\u00fdrobu. Jej cie\u013eom\u00a0bolo zlep\u0161enie efekt\u00edvnosti v\u00fdroby a potenci\u00e1l vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 viac. Nesk\u00f4r\u00a0jeho met\u00f3du v\u00fdroby automobilov prostredn\u00edctvom p\u00e1sovej v\u00fdroby\u00a0za\u010dali vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 aj in\u00e9 zna\u010dky ako Max Factor (kozmetika) alebo\u00a0Hersheys (\u010dokol\u00e1da).<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0V\u0161etk\u00fdch t\u00fdchto podnikate\u013eov nie\u010do sp\u00e1jalo. Bola to s\u00fa\u0165a\u017eivos\u0165.\u00a0Investovali do r\u00f4znych projektov, aby st\u00e1li na \u0161pi\u010dke a nesk\u00f4r,\u00a0ke\u010f si uvedomili svoje postavenie, za\u010dali h\u013eada\u0165 nov\u00e9 m\u00e9ty.\u00a0Jednou z nich sa stala filantropia. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich r\u00e1d zar\u00e1bal, ale\u00a0nesk\u00f4r pocit radosti z\u00edskavali aj z toho, \u017ee mohli zmysluplne rozd\u00e1va\u0165.\u00a0Carnegie daroval po\u010das svojho \u017eivota 4,8 miliardy a Rockeffeller\u00a0a\u017e 7,1 miliardy USD. Tieto ich pr\u00edspevky boli smerovan\u00e9\u00a0na r\u00f4zne charitat\u00edvne organiz\u00e1cie, \u0161koly, univerzity, nemocnice,\u00a0v\u00fdskumy chor\u00f4b a kni\u017enice po celom svete. Taktie\u017e podporovali\u00a0komunity a okolie. Aj v\u010faka n\u00edm je dnes Amerika tak\u00e1 siln\u00e1\u00a0a kr\u00e1sna.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Ke\u010f Amerika vstupovala do prvej svetovej vojny, bola industrializovanou\u00a0krajinou so siln\u00fdm hospod\u00e1rstvom. Aj preto sa stala\u00a0tlmiacim prvkom v r\u00e1mci celosvetov\u00e9ho spolo\u010denstva a pr\u00e1ve\u00a0v tomto obdob\u00ed vznikla v\u00edzia o \u201eamerickom sne\u201c. Prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t v hist\u00f3rii\u00a0existovala siln\u00e1 stredn\u00e1 trieda s potrebami a schopnos\u0165ou nakupova\u0165\u00a0tovar a slu\u017eby tak d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pre hospod\u00e1rsky rast krajiny.\u00a0Tieto fakty umo\u017enili vznik super-ve\u013emoci, ktor\u00e1 je dodnes jednou\u00a0z najsilnej\u0161\u00edch na svete.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Ve\u013ea \u013eud\u00ed si v\u0161ak neuvedomuje, \u017ee to, \u010do sa stalo v Amerike,\u00a0bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 len v tom \u010dase a iba t\u00fdchto p\u00e1r podnikate\u013eov dok\u00e1zalo\u00a0zmeni\u0165 nielen seba sam\u00fdch, ale aj svet okolo seba. Nikde inde sa\u00a0nestalo nie\u010do podobn\u00e9 tak ako pr\u00e1ve v Amerike. To v\u0161etko by nebolo\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e9 bez tejto malej skupiny \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed dok\u00e1zali uskuto\u010dni\u0165\u00a0svoje sny s podmienkami ak\u00e9 v tom \u010dase a na tom mieste mali.\u00a0Pr\u00e1ve v Amerike.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\u00a0Filip\u00a0Orth<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0Doba, v ktorej za\u010dala Amerika prekvita\u0165, bola\u00a0na prelome 19. a\u017e 20. storo\u010dia. Po\u010das tohto\u00a0obdobia sa men\u00e1 ako J.D. Rockefeller, A.\u00a0Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, H. Ford<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5630","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5630","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5630"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5630\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5630"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5630"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5630"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}