{"id":5778,"date":"2016-07-27T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-07-26T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/overovanie-spravnosti-usudkov-vyzaduje-aj-sebakritiku\/"},"modified":"2016-07-27T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2016-07-26T23:00:00","slug":"overovanie-spravnosti-usudkov-vyzaduje-aj-sebakritiku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/overovanie-spravnosti-usudkov-vyzaduje-aj-sebakritiku\/","title":{"rendered":"Verifying the correctness of judgments also requires self-criticism"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dnes je modern\u00e9 u\u010di\u0165 sa r\u00e9torike, asert\u00edvnej komunik\u00e1cii a schopnosti spr\u00e1vne komunikova\u0165. Aby to v\u0161etko malo v\u00fdznam, je nevyhnutn\u00e9 opiera\u0165 sa o spr\u00e1vne predpoklady, rozumn\u00e9 \u00fasudky a mor\u00e1lne postoje. Ako si overi\u0165, \u010di s\u00fa tieto\u00a0\u00fasudky spr\u00e1vne? <\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

V ka\u017edodennej komunik\u00e1cii pri formul\u00e1cii argumentov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa presved\u010di\u0165 partnera v diskusii, \u010dasto doch\u00e1dza k omylom v usudzovan\u00ed. Omyl zah\u0155\u0148a subjekt\u00edvny postoj a je nespr\u00e1vnym pos\u00faden\u00edm skuto\u010dnosti.\u00a0<\/span>Omyly m\u00f4\u017eu zni\u017eova\u0165 efekt\u00edvnos\u0165 my\u0161lienkov\u00fdch strat\u00e9gi\u00ed a negat\u00edvne ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 usudzovanie pri rie\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mov a rozhodovan\u00ed. Existuje ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo zn\u00e1mych omylov v usudzovan\u00ed a pozna\u0165 ich znamen\u00e1 vedie\u0165 ich spozorova\u0165 u seba sam\u00e9ho. Tu je nieko\u013eko z nich.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Omyly kompoz\u00edcie<\/b> – S\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na predpoklade, \u017ee z vlastnost\u00ed \u010dast\u00ed mo\u017eno usudzova\u0165 vlastnosti celku. Z jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed v\u0161ak nemo\u017eno v\u017edy automaticky odvodzova\u0165 celok. V niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch omyly vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa zo vz\u0165ahu v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed k celku. Protikladom s\u00fa omyly delenia, pri ktor\u00fdch sa o\u010dak\u00e1va, \u017ee z vlastnost\u00ed celku je mo\u017en\u00e9 odvodi\u0165 vlastnosti jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Omyly z falo\u0161nej pr\u00ed\u010diny<\/b>\u00a0(korel\u00e1cia nie je\u00a0kauzalita)<\/strong> – Ak a niekde do\u010d\u00edtate alebo dopo\u010dujete inform\u00e1ciu, \u017ee vedci napr\u00edklad zistili vz\u0165ah medzi o\u010dkovan\u00edm a v\u00fdskytom autizmu, neh\u013eadajte za t\u00fdm hne\u010f pr\u00ed\u010dinn\u00fd vz\u0165ah. Omyl z falo\u0161nej pr\u00ed\u010diny vznik\u00e1 chybn\u00fdm argumentovan\u00edm zalo\u017een\u00fdm na porovn\u00e1van\u00ed dvoch odli\u0161n\u00fdch udalost\u00ed. Ide o chybn\u00e9 ch\u00e1panie vz\u0165ahu ako d\u00f4kazu alebo pr\u00ed\u010diny in\u00e9ho javu. Zdanliv\u00e1 s\u00favislos\u0165 v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017ee vznikn\u00fa\u0165 p\u00f4soben\u00edm in\u00fdch faktorov, ktor\u00e9 sa p\u00f4vodne nebrali do \u00favahy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Argument o \u013eu\u010foch<\/b> – Tento druh omylu vyu\u017e\u00edva na podporu o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fdch z\u00e1verov popul\u00e1rne em\u00f3cie. Doch\u00e1dza k nemu najm\u00e4 vtedy, ke\u010f masov\u00e9 nad\u0161enie nahr\u00e1dza nedostatok argumentov. M\u00f4\u017ee sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 aj na vyvr\u00e1tenie opa\u010dn\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru vyvol\u00e1van\u00edm osobn\u00fdch \u00fatokov. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa aj pri nef\u00e9rovom nap\u00e1dan\u00ed oponentov a na odvr\u00e1tenie pozornosti posluch\u00e1\u010dov od v\u00fdznamnej\u0161ej l\u00ednie argument\u00e1cie. Hovor\u00ed v\u00e1m to nie\u010do?<\/span><\/p>\n

Omyl mnoh\u00fdch ot\u00e1zok <\/b>– Je zalo\u017een\u00fd na sp\u00e1jan\u00ed nezaru\u010den\u00fdch predpokladov s polo\u017eenou ot\u00e1zkou tak, \u017ee nech partner v komunik\u00e1cii odpovie akoko\u013evek, akceptuje t\u00fdm v\u00fdchodiskov\u00e9 predpoklady, \u010d\u00edm sa chyt\u00ed do pasce. Napr\u00edklad ke\u010f sa niekto sp\u00fdta \u201cPrestali ste u\u017e bi\u0165 svoju man\u017eelku?\u201d predpoklad\u00e1 bez oh\u013eadu na odpove\u010f, \u017ee dan\u00fd \u010dlovek je \u017eenat\u00fd a \u017ee svoju man\u017eelku ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das bil. Oba predpoklady m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pri tom myln\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dvojit\u00e9 usporiadanie<\/b> – Tento omyl sa t\u00fdka pou\u017eitia neur\u010dit\u00fdch viet, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa dvojzna\u010dn\u00e9. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa napr\u00edklad v reklame pri v\u00fdrokoch typu \u201cDve pizze za jednu \u0161peci\u00e1lnu cenu\u201d, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee na posluch\u00e1\u010da p\u00f4sobi\u0165 mylne v tom, \u017ee dostane dve pizze za cenu jednej.<\/span><\/p>\n

Argument \u0161ikmej plochy<\/b> – Vypl\u00fdva z \u010dinnosti, ktor\u00e1 je prv\u00fdm krokom v sekvencii udalost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 k nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm z\u00e1verom. Napr\u00edklad odporcovia eutan\u00e1zie argumentuj\u00fa t\u00fdm, \u017ee ak raz povolia eutan\u00e1ziu, zoslabne re\u0161pekt k \u013eudsk\u00e9mu \u017eivotu, \u010do umo\u017en\u00ed odstra\u0148ova\u0165 star\u00fdch alebo slab\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed. Tieto argumenty \u010dasto ved\u00fa k pesimiz\u00e1cii, ke\u010f sa na z\u00e1klade \u010diastkov\u00fdch poznatkov odvodzuj\u00fa z\u00e1very o tom, ako je v\u0161etko zl\u00e9, nemo\u017en\u00e9 a straten\u00e9, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k vytv\u00e1raniu stereotypov a predsudkov.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Podobn\u00fdch pr\u00edkladov omylov je mno\u017estvo, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z nich sa v\u0161ak t\u00fdka dedukt\u00edvneho myslenia, ktor\u00e9 zohr\u00e1va pri myslen\u00ed d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu. Sl\u00fa\u017ei na pl\u00e1novanie, hodnotenie, ur\u010dovanie d\u00f4sledkov, predpokladov a hypot\u00e9z, na interpret\u00e1ciu pravidiel a v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch princ\u00edpov, h\u013eadanie argumentov a rozhodovanie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nepresn\u00e9 interpret\u00e1cie a myln\u00e9 usudzovanie nar\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa aj mechanizmus spracovania inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. \u013dudia s\u00fa v princ\u00edpe racion\u00e1lni, av\u0161ak m\u00fdlia sa v praxi. Rie\u0161enie spo\u010d\u00edva v uvedomovan\u00ed si omylov \u00a0v racion\u00e1lnom myslen\u00ed. Existuje aj vy\u0161\u0161ia forma myslenia, tzv. meta-dedukcia, v ktorej dedukcie t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa in\u00fdch tvrden\u00ed alebo dedukci\u00ed v\u0161eobecne stanovuj\u00fa spr\u00e1vnos\u0165 alebo nespr\u00e1vnos\u0165 tvrdenia. V\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu pri myslen\u00ed zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj vlastnosti osobnosti, motiv\u00e1cia, soci\u00e1lne tlaky, skupinov\u00e9 myslenie a postoje \u010dloveka.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dnes je modern\u00e9 u\u010di\u0165 sa r\u00e9torike, asert\u00edvnej komunik\u00e1cii a schopnosti spr\u00e1vne komunikova\u0165. Aby to v\u0161etko malo v\u00fdznam, je nevyhnutn\u00e9 opiera\u0165 sa o spr\u00e1vne predpoklady, rozumn\u00e9<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5778","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5778","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5778"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5778\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5778"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5778"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5778"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}