{"id":5782,"date":"2022-08-31T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-30T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/zaujimave-poznatky-zo-psychologie-o-hazarde-peniazoch-a-optimizme\/"},"modified":"2022-08-31T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-08-30T23:00:00","slug":"zaujimave-poznatky-zo-psychologie-o-hazarde-peniazoch-a-optimizme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/zaujimave-poznatky-zo-psychologie-o-hazarde-peniazoch-a-optimizme\/","title":{"rendered":"The Psychology of Money: The More We Have, the Less We Want to Help, but We Are Also More Independent"},"content":{"rendered":"

Psychol\u00f3gia je fascinuj\u00faca veda, o tom niet poch\u00fdb. Zis\u0165uje a odha\u013euje princ\u00edpy, ak\u00fdmi sa riadime v na\u0161om ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote, dok\u00e1\u017ee \u010dloveku uzrejmi\u0165 jeho n\u00e1zory a povahu, vysvet\u013euje pr\u00ed\u010diny na\u0161ich konan\u00ed a u\u010d\u00ed spolo\u010dnos\u0165, ako sa vyh\u00fdba\u0165 zl\u00e9mu. Ni\u017e\u0161ie sme v spolupr\u00e1ci s psychologi\u010dkou pripravili nieko\u013eko kr\u00e1tkych zauj\u00edmavost\u00ed zo psychol\u00f3gie o hazarde, peniazoch\u00a0a\u00a0optimizme.<\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

Psychologick\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky pe\u0148az\u00ed<\/h3>\n

V roku 2006 robila Kathleen D. Vohs spolu so svojimi kolegami v\u00fdskum o tom, ak\u00e9 psychologick\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky maj\u00fa peniaze. Hlavn\u00fdm zisten\u00edm bolo, \u017ee peniaze menia nielen motiv\u00e1ciu \u010dloveka, ale aj jeho spr\u00e1vanie k in\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom. V\u00fdsledky deviatich experimentov uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee peniaze prispievaj\u00fa k pocitu sebesta\u010dnosti, kedy \u013eudia preferuj\u00fa by\u0165 nez\u00e1visl\u00ed, teda menej \u017eiadaj\u00fa o pomoc<\/strong>, ale s\u00fa aj menej ochotn\u00ed pom\u00e1ha\u0165<\/strong>. V porovnan\u00ed s ostatn\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkmi v\u00fdskumu, \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed disponovali v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estvom pe\u0148az\u00ed, preferovali hru aj pr\u00e1cu osamote a bez toho, aby si to uvedomovali, volili v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu vzdialenos\u0165 medzi nimi a ich nov\u00fdmi zn\u00e1mymi. <\/span><\/p>\n

Tieto zistenia v\u0161ak nemo\u017eno zov\u0161eobec\u0148ova\u0165 na v\u0161etk\u00fdch majetnej\u0161\u00edch \u013eud\u00ed, \u010doho pr\u00edkladom s\u00fa mnoh\u00ed bohat\u00ed \u013eudia prispievaj\u00faci na charitat\u00edvne \u00fa\u010dely. Je v\u0161ak dobr\u00e9 si niektor\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto skuto\u010dnost\u00ed v\u010das uvedomi\u0165 a svojim spr\u00e1van\u00edm dokazova\u0165, \u017ee skuto\u010dnos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aj in\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n S peniazmi sa men\u00ed na\u0161e spr\u00e1vanie, \u010do je samozrejm\u00e9. Je v\u0161ak potrebn\u00e9 uvedomi\u0165 si, ke\u010f sa uber\u00e1me nespr\u00e1vnym smerom a napr\u00edklad prest\u00e1vame pom\u00e1ha\u0165 \u013eu\u010fom v na\u0161om bezprostrednom okol\u00ed.\n

Il\u00fazia pe\u0148az\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Chybn\u00e9 stoto\u017e\u0148ovanie subjekt\u00edvnej hodnoty pe\u0148az\u00ed s ich nomin\u00e1lnou reprezent\u00e1ciou naz\u00fdvame il\u00fazia pe\u0148az\u00ed. Prejavuje sa ako tendencia \u013eud\u00ed rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 o peniazoch v nomin\u00e1lnych, nie v re\u00e1lnych hodnot\u00e1ch. To v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 d\u00f4sledky na pr\u00edjmy, transakcie, vn\u00edmanie f\u00e9rovosti a mor\u00e1lky, invest\u00edcie a dohody. Najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie sa t\u00e1to il\u00fazia prejavuje v \u010dasoch infl\u00e1cie a defl\u00e1cie, kedy je re\u00e1lna hodnota pe\u0148az\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161ia alebo vy\u0161\u0161ia. <\/span><\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea ekon\u00f3ma Fishera ide o v\u00e1\u017eny defekt, preto\u017ee ako jednotku hodnoty pou\u017e\u00edvame vec, ktorej hodnota sa ve\u013emi men\u00ed. Il\u00fazia pe\u0148az\u00ed je najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ia v troch oblastiach: v zotrva\u010dnosti cien, v z\u00e1konoch a zmluv\u00e1ch a v diskurzoch v m\u00e9di\u00e1ch a medzi \u013eu\u010fmi. Tieto situ\u00e1cie nezoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fa infl\u00e1ciu alebo defl\u00e1ciu, ako by sme mohli racion\u00e1lne o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165. <\/span><\/p>\n

Vysvetli\u0165 il\u00faziu pe\u0148az\u00ed sa sna\u017eili ekon\u00f3movia aj psychol\u00f3govia. Pod\u013ea psychol\u00f3gov poskytuj\u00fa nomin\u00e1lne ceny pohodln\u00e9 vod\u00edtko pre ur\u010denie hodnoty takmer \u010dohoko\u013evek. Re\u00e1lne ceny pova\u017euj\u00fa \u013eudia za potrebn\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edtava\u0165 len v situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ke\u010f sa to jav\u00ed ako ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Pozri tie\u017e: Shafir, Diamond & Tversky, 1997)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ako vznik\u00e1 \u0161\u0165astie<\/h3>\n

Pokia\u013e si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee \u0161\u0165astie je \u00famern\u00e9 mno\u017estvu pe\u0148az\u00ed, m\u00fdlite sa. Bohatstvo pote\u0161\u00ed \u010dloveka len na chv\u00ed\u013eu a r\u00fdchlo si na\u0148ho zvykne. Preto prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa do \u00favahy e\u0161te \u010fal\u0161ie faktory, ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa genetika a vlastn\u00e9 aktivity. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci zistili, \u017ee a\u017e pribli\u017ene 50% spokojnosti so \u017eivotom tvoria genetick\u00e9 faktory, \u010di\u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e1 zdeden\u00e1 predispoz\u00edcia \u010dloveka by\u0165 \u010di u\u017e ve\u010dn\u00fd optimista alebo zamra\u010den\u00fd pesimista.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam vlastn\u00fdch aktiv\u00edt pre pocit \u0161\u0165astia a spokojnosti sa odhaduje na 40%. V\u00fdhodou t\u00fdchto aktiv\u00edt je, \u017ee ich m\u00f4\u017eeme strieda\u0165 a vybera\u0165 si ich pod\u013ea vlastn\u00fdch preferencii . Zvy\u0161n\u00fdch 10% m\u00e1 k dispoz\u00edcia vl\u00e1da, ktor\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee prispie\u0165 k \u0161\u0165astiu a spokojnosti prostredn\u00edctvom kvalitn\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00edctva, \u0161kolstva, \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia a \u00farovne d\u00f4very v \u0148u.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hazard\u00e9rsky klam<\/h3>\n

Hazard\u00e9rsky klam (gambler\u00b4s fallacy ) je tendencia domnieva\u0165 sa, \u017ee bud\u00face pravdepodobnosti s\u00fa ovplyvnen\u00e9 predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facimi udalos\u0165ami, hoci tie zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa v skuto\u010dnosti nemenn\u00e9. T\u00e1to heuristika, \u010di\u017ee ak\u00e1si skratka v myslen\u00ed vych\u00e1dza z myln\u00e9ho predpokladu, \u017ee ke\u010f vyzer\u00e1 sekvencia n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch udalost\u00ed nen\u00e1hodne, t.j. vyskytuje sa v nej ur\u010dit\u00e1 pravidelnos\u0165, zvy\u0161uje sa pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee d\u00f4jde k obratu. Pr\u00edkladom je odhad, ktor\u00e1 strana mince padne. Ak v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich hodoch padla viackr\u00e1t po sebe hlava, pod\u013ea tejto heuristiky pri \u010fal\u0161om hode posudzujeme pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee padne znak za vy\u0161\u0161iu. V skuto\u010dnosti je v\u0161ak pravdepodobnos\u0165 st\u00e1le rovnak\u00e1 – 50:50. Tento klam je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 si uvedomi\u0165 a nepodlieha\u0165 mu najm\u00e4 v ekonomick\u00fdch rozhodnutiach, preto\u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 nemal\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky na v\u00e1\u0161 kone\u010dn\u00fd stav pe\u0148a\u017eenky.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Zdroj: Kahneman & Tversky)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n \u010c\u00edm viac v\u00fdhier za sebou nasleduje, t\u00fdm viac sme odv\u00e1\u017enej\u0161\u00ed. Vidina obrovsk\u00e9ho mno\u017estva pe\u0148az\u00ed (alebo \u010dohoko\u013evek, \u010do je v\u00fdhrou) ovplyv\u0148uje aj inak racion\u00e1lnych \u013eud\u00ed.\n

Ako sa rozhoduj\u00fa sebavedom\u00ed optimisti<\/h3>\n

Aj ke\u010f v be\u017enom \u017eivote pova\u017eujeme sebavedomie a optimizmus za pozit\u00edvne vlastnosti, v oblasti rozhodovania patr\u00ed sklon k optimizmu k odch\u00fdlkam od racion\u00e1lneho rozhodovania. Kombin\u00e1cia sebavedomia a optimizmu toti\u017e sp\u00f4sobuje, \u017ee \u013eudia prece\u0148uj\u00fa svoje znalosti a schopnos\u0165 kontroly nad situ\u00e1ciou, naopak podce\u0148uj\u00fa rizik\u00e1 v zn\u00e1mych situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch a maj\u00fa averziu k neur\u010ditosti. \u013dudia s t\u00fdmito vlastnos\u0165ami tie\u017e uprednost\u0148uj\u00fa \u013eahko dostupn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie a prekvapuj\u00fa ich udalosti, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u0161tatisticky vysvetlite\u013en\u00e9 a teda opodstatnen\u00e9. Ak v\u0161ak k tejto skupine \u013eud\u00ed patr\u00edte, odborn\u00edci maj\u00fa pre v\u00e1s jedno odpor\u00fa\u010danie. Aby ste si popri Va\u0161ich \u00faspechoch pam\u00e4tali aj menej \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9 situ\u00e1cie, ve\u010fte si ich zoznam a zoh\u013ead\u0148ujte ich pri va\u0161om rozhodovan\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tolerancia k finan\u010dn\u00e9mu riziku<\/h3>\n

V\u00fdskumy z oblasti biol\u00f3gie a neurovedy uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee existuje v\u0161eobecn\u00fd sklon k riziku vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch oblastiach \u017eivota. Pozorovania v\u0161ak dokazuj\u00fa nekonzistentn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie \u013eud\u00ed. Priaznivec adrenal\u00ednov\u00fdch \u0161portov toti\u017e nemus\u00ed by\u0165 z\u00e1rove\u0148 faj\u010diarom alebo hazardn\u00fd hr\u00e1\u010d nemus\u00ed ob\u013eubova\u0165 aj adrenal\u00ednov\u00e9 \u0161porty. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v jednej situ\u00e1cii je tolerantn\u00fd k riziku, v inej sa mu v\u0161ak sk\u00f4r vyh\u00fdba resp. ho nevyh\u013ead\u00e1va. Na \u010dom sa v\u0161ak v\u00fdskumn\u00edci zhodli je fakt, \u017ee existuje ist\u00e1 osobnostn\u00e1 \u010drta, ktorou je v\u0161eobecn\u00fd sklon k rizikov\u00e9mu spr\u00e1vaniu. <\/span><\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea demografick\u00fdch faktorov s\u00fa n\u00e1chylnej\u0161\u00ed k riskovaniu mu\u017ei, slobodn\u00ed \u013eudia, podnikatelia a mlad\u00ed \u013eudia. Podiel \u013eud\u00ed ochotn\u00fdch akceptova\u0165 nadpriemern\u00e9 a vysok\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00e9 riziko je v\u0161ak relat\u00edvne n\u00edzky. Nepresahuje ani \u0161tvrtinu popul\u00e1cie.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Zdroj: Faff, Hallahan & McKenzie)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Psychol\u00f3gia je fascinuj\u00faca veda, o tom niet poch\u00fdb. Zis\u0165uje a odha\u013euje princ\u00edpy, ak\u00fdmi sa riadime v na\u0161om ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote, dok\u00e1\u017ee \u010dloveku uzrejmi\u0165 jeho n\u00e1zory a povahu, vysvet\u013euje pr\u00ed\u010diny na\u0161ich konan\u00ed a u\u010d\u00ed spolo\u010dnos\u0165, ako sa vyh\u00fdba\u0165 zl\u00e9mu. Ni\u017e\u0161ie sme v spolupr\u00e1ci s psychologi\u010dkou pripravili nieko\u013eko kr\u00e1tkych zauj\u00edmavost\u00ed zo psychol\u00f3gie o hazarde, peniazoch\u00a0a\u00a0optimizme.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5782","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5782","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5782"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5782\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5782"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5782"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5782"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}