{"id":5807,"date":"2020-09-07T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-06T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/mark-twain-spisovatel-vynalezca-a-dlznik\/"},"modified":"2020-09-07T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2020-09-06T23:00:00","slug":"mark-twain-spisovatel-vynalezca-a-dlznik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/mark-twain-spisovatel-vynalezca-a-dlznik\/","title":{"rendered":"Mark Twain: Writer, Inventor, and Debtor"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Samuel Langhorne Clemens sa narodil v roku 1835, ke\u010f okolo Zeme letela sl\u00e1vna Halleyho kom\u00e9ta. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ke\u010f okolo Zeme letela znova v roku 1910, Samuel zomrel. Je to zhoda n\u00e1hod vypovedaj\u00faca o kr\u00e1tkom \u010dasovom \u00faseku v hist\u00f3rii \u013eudstva, kedy po na\u0161ej plan\u00e9te chodil nesmierne zauj\u00edmav\u00fd \u010dlovek, ktor\u00e9ho dnes pozn\u00e1me pod pseudonymom Mark Twain. Rovnako, ako Halleyho kom\u00e9ta, aj on bol \u00fakazom, ktor\u00fd sa nevid\u00ed \u010dasto.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kuriozitou je, \u017ee s\u00e1m Twain sa vyjadril, \u017ee o\u010dak\u00e1va vlastn\u00fa smr\u0165 a skuto\u010dne zomrel na infarkt 21. apr\u00edla, iba de\u0148 po najbli\u017e\u0161om prelete kom\u00e9ty okolo Zeme. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n Samuel Langhorne Clemens zn\u00e1my ako Mark Twain\n<h3><b>Sp\u00e4t\u00fd s riekou Mississippi<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clemens sa narodil do rodiny so siedmimi de\u0165mi, ale jeho otec zomrel, ke\u010f mal iba 12 rokov. Ke\u010f\u017ee bol \u0161iestym die\u0165a\u0165om, vedeli sa o neho stara\u0165 aj s\u00farodenci, hoci iba traja sa do\u017eili dospelosti. Vyrastal v meste Hannibal v Missouri, do ktor\u00e9ho sa nesk\u00f4r vr\u00e1til vo vlastn\u00fdch knih\u00e1ch <em>Dobrodru\u017estv\u00e1 Toma Sawyera<\/em> (1876) a <em>Dobrodru\u017estv\u00e1 Huckleberryho Finna<\/em> (1884).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u017divot Clemensa v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom ur\u010dila sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s vydavate\u013eskou pr\u00e1cou. Jeho brat Orion k\u00fapil noviny Hannibal Journal, do ktor\u00fdch \u010doskoro za\u010dal prispieva\u0165 aj vtedy e\u0161te mlad\u00fd Samuel. V tom \u010dase e\u0161te p\u00edsal pod vlastn\u00fdm menom.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vyu\u010dil sa za tla\u010diara, ale pracoval aj ako kormideln\u00edk parn\u00edka na rieke Mississippi. Bol to jeho sen a hoci netrval dlho, t\u00e1to jeho pracovn\u00e1 sk\u00fasenos\u0165 sa uk\u00e1zala pre bud\u00faci \u017eivot Clemensa ako z\u00e1sadn\u00e1. Pr\u00e1ve v\u010faka nej nadobudol svoj pseudonym Mark Twain. Vraj sa touto fr\u00e1zou ozna\u010dovala h\u013abka vhodn\u00e1 na plavbu lo\u010fou, \u010do bolo asi tri a pol metra. Pr\u00e1cu kormideln\u00edka v\u0161ak musel po vypuknut\u00ed Ob\u010dianskej vojny zanecha\u0165 a h\u013eadal si in\u00e9 uplatnenie. Je to zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 a paradoxn\u00e9, \u017ee chcel by\u0165 pr\u00e1ve kormideln\u00edkom na parn\u00edku, ke\u010f jeden z jeho bratov pri v\u00fdbuchu jedn\u00e9ho zahynul. Volal sa Henry a stalo sa to v roku 1858.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In\u00fd pr\u00edbeh o vzniku pseudonymu Mark Twain hovor\u00ed o tom, ako si mlad\u00fd Clemens kupoval drinky na z\u00e1pade Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov a ke\u010f chcel od barmana dvojit\u00fa, povedal mu, aby si zap\u00edsal dve \u010diarky do objedn\u00e1vky, teda mark twain (ozna\u010d dvakr\u00e1t).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tretia historka, av\u0161ak priamo z pera Clemensa, poch\u00e1dza z roku 1863. V tomto roku nap\u00edsal a zverejnil knihu \u017divot na Mississippi, kde v 50. kapitole \u201eKapit\u00e1n Sellers\u201c p\u00ed\u0161e o skuto\u010dnom kapit\u00e1novi parn\u00edka z rieky Mississippi. Bola to satira na odborn\u00edka, ktor\u00fd bol v\u00fdrazne hrd\u00fd na svoje \u017eivotn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti. Tento kapit\u00e1n prispieval do miestnych nov\u00edn pod pseudonymom Mark Twain. Po smrti kapit\u00e1na sa Clemens \u00fadajne hanbil za to, \u017ee vo svojej satire urazil \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd sa u\u017e nikdy potom pod t\u00fdmto pseudonymom nikde neuviedol; napokon si ho osvojil s\u00e1m Clemens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n Mark Twain v laborat\u00f3riu s Nikola Teslom\n<h3>\u017divot pln\u00fd r\u00f4znorodej pr\u00e1ce<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V priebehu \u017eivota si Mark Twain vysk\u00fa\u0161al nieko\u013eko r\u00f4znych pr\u00e1c a d\u00e1 sa poveda\u0165, \u017ee nap\u013a\u0148al svoj osobnostn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l. V porovnan\u00ed s in\u00fdmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi osobnos\u0165ami hist\u00f3rie mal t\u00fa v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee v\u017edy mohol robi\u0165, \u010do ho bavilo. Spo\u010diatku to bola pr\u00e1ca kormideln\u00edka, potom novin\u00e1ra, spisovate\u013ea, vyn\u00e1lezcu a nesk\u00f4r aj \u010dloveka, ktor\u00e9ho si radi chodili na jeho predn\u00e1\u0161ky vypo\u010du\u0165 \u013eudia z cel\u00e9ho sveta. Doslova z cel\u00e9ho sveta, preto\u017ee ke\u010f sa Twainovi nevydaril obchod s inovat\u00edvnym tla\u010diarensk\u00fdm strojom, musel vyhl\u00e1si\u0165 osobn\u00fd bankrot a vyrazil na turn\u00e9 s predn\u00e1\u0161kami. Pre\u0161iel Havaj, Fid\u017ei, Austr\u00e1liu, Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land, Sr\u00ed Lanku, Indiu, Mauricius, Ju\u017en\u00fa Afriku a Anglicko.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V \u017eivote Marka Twaina sa v\u00fdrazne prejavoval z\u00e1ujem o vedu a techniku. V priebehu \u017eivota si dokonca nechal patentova\u0165 tri vyn\u00e1lezy. Priatelil sa s Nikolom Teslom a dokonca ho nav\u0161t\u00edvil Thomas Alva Edison v jeho dome v Reddingu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obdobie medzi rokmi 1897 a 1899 Twain str\u00e1vil vo Viedni a v roku 1900 v Lond\u00fdne. Ke\u010f si kone\u010dne zarobil dostatok pe\u0148az\u00ed, aby v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch vyplatil svoje dlhy, vr\u00e1til sa a za\u010dal pripravova\u0165 svoju autobiografiu. V tom \u010dase mal u\u017e ve\u013ek\u00e9 osobn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Po smrti dvoch det\u00ed a man\u017eelky padol do hlbok\u00fdch depresi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 za\u010dali u\u017e v roku 1896.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"Pvr4rIAV9F\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unitedlife.sk\/nikola-tesla-genius-a-humanista\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Nikola Tesla, genius and humanist, was born 164 years ago. What was his life like, how did he die, and what did he create?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Nikola Tesla, g\u00e9nius a humanista, sa narodil pred 164 rokmi. Ak\u00fd mal \u017eivot, ako zomrel a \u010do vytvoril?&#8221; &#8212; UnitedLife\" src=\"https:\/\/www.unitedlife.sk\/nikola-tesla-genius-a-humanista\/embed\/#?secret=ZzDCusJnER#?secret=Pvr4rIAV9F\" data-secret=\"Pvr4rIAV9F\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Tajomn\u00fd cudzinec, na ktor\u00e9ho Twain nemal \u010das<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spomedzi tvorby Marka Twaina ma asi najviac oslovilo dielo Tajomn\u00fd cudzinec. O to viac som bol sklaman\u00fd, ke\u010f som zistil, \u017ee ten \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd a prepracovan\u00fd z\u00e1ver dop\u00edsal niekto in\u00fd a\u017e po Twainovej smrti, preto\u017ee ten svoje dielo to\u013ekokr\u00e1t prer\u00e1bal, a\u017e nemal \u010das ho dokon\u010di\u0165.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kniha vy\u0161la a\u017e v roku 1916, teda \u0161es\u0165 rokov po Twainovej smrti. O jej dokon\u010denie sa postaral Albert Pain a nesk\u00f4r v roku 1969 vy\u0161lo aj kritick\u00e9 vydanie pod\u013ea p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch rukopisov.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pr\u00edbeh chlapca, ktor\u00fd sa v \u010dasoch upa\u013eovania bosoriek v Rak\u00fasku za\u010dne stret\u00e1va\u0165 so samotn\u00fdm Satanom, m\u00e1 pomal\u00fd sp\u00e1d, ale obsahuje hodnotn\u00e9 my\u0161lienky. Zrejme najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou z nich dielo Satana, \u017ee n\u00e1s presved\u010dil o tom, \u017ee neexistuje. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kto nevie kam ide, nem\u00f4\u017ee sa \u010dudova\u0165, \u017ee pr\u00edde niekde \u00faplne inde. To povedal Mark Twain, ale \u0165a\u017eko poveda\u0165, \u010di on s\u00e1m vedel, kam mal namieren\u00e9.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5807","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5807","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5807"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5807\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5807"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5807"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5807"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}