{"id":6048,"date":"2018-11-21T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-11-20T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/koraly-su-zvierata-a-vymieraju\/"},"modified":"2018-11-21T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2018-11-20T23:00:00","slug":"koraly-su-zvierata-a-vymieraju","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/koraly-su-zvierata-a-vymieraju\/","title":{"rendered":"Corals are animals \u2013 and they are dying out"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ve\u013ek\u00e1 koralov\u00e1 bari\u00e9ra preuk\u00e1zate\u013ene zomiera. Presn\u00fd rozsah tejto pr\u00edrodnej katastrofy sme v\u0161ak dlho nepoznali. Odhalila ho a\u017e jedine\u010dn\u00e1 vedeck\u00e1 exped\u00edcia. Prin\u00e1\u0161ame v\u00e1m rozhovor s Paulom Myersom, opera\u010dn\u00fdm mana\u017e\u00e9rom organiz\u00e1cie The Great Barrier Reef Legacy (Dedi\u010dstvo Ve\u013ekej koralovej bari\u00e9ry) a riadite\u013eom kni\u017enice The Great Barrier Reef Library.<\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vzh\u013eadom na stvrdnut\u00fd povrch ich \u010dasto pova\u017euj\u00fa za kamene. Preto\u017ee s\u00fa na morskom dne akoby \u201ezakorenen\u00e9\u201c, mylne ich tie\u017e naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa rastlinami. Av\u0161ak na rozdiel od kame\u0148ov koraly s\u00fa \u017eiv\u00e9 a v porovnan\u00ed s rastlinami si nevytv\u00e1raj\u00fa vlastn\u00fa potravu. Mo\u017eno v\u00e1m to znie neuverite\u013ene, ale koraly s\u00fa zvierat\u00e1 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 predstavuj\u00fa nenahradite\u013en\u00fd unik\u00e1tny ekosyst\u00e9m, od ktor\u00e9ho z\u00e1vis\u00ed ako \u017eivot v\u00a0oce\u00e1ne, tak i na s\u00fa\u0161i.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Koraly dnes \u010delia krutej realite. Za posledn\u00e9 tri desa\u0165ro\u010dia svet pri\u0161iel o\u00a050 percent z\u00a0nich a\u00a0pod\u013ea odborn\u00edkov v\u00a0priebehu nasleduj\u00facich 20 rokov s\u00a0najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou pr\u00eddeme o\u00a0v\u0161etky koraly na plan\u00e9te. P\u00fdtate sa, o \u010do presne ide? Po\u010fte so mnou na v\u00fdchodn\u00e9 pobre\u017eie Austr\u00e1lie na Ve\u013ek\u00fa koralov\u00fa bari\u00e9ru, najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed koralov\u00fd \u00fates na svete, ktor\u00fd ako jedin\u00fd vidie\u0165 a\u017e z\u00a0vesm\u00edru. Meria 2 600 kilometrov, pokr\u00fdva plochu 345-tis\u00edc \u0161tvorcov\u00fdch kilometrov a\u00a0\u017eilo na \u0148om vy\u0161e 400 druhov koralov. Je domovom pre vy\u0161e dvetis\u00edc druhov r\u00fdb a\u00a0pre desatinu ich celosvetovej popul\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n

Realita je op\u00e4\u0165 desiv\u00e1: Ve\u013ek\u00e1 koralov\u00e1 bari\u00e9ra je u\u017e teraz na polovicu m\u0155tva a\u00a0pre \u010fal\u0161ie gener\u00e1cie sa st\u00e1va minulos\u0165ou.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Paul Myers je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou t\u00edmu uzn\u00e1vanej\u00a0unik\u00e1tnej austr\u00e1lskej neziskovej organiz\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 za sebou jednu z\u00a0najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch vedeck\u00fdch exped\u00edci\u00ed v\u00a0hist\u00f3rii Ve\u013ekej koralovej bari\u00e9ry, a\u00a0v\u0161etko videl na vlastn\u00e9 o\u010di.<\/p>\n

Paul, koncom roka 2017 sa v\u00e1\u0161mu t\u00edmu podarila jedine\u010dn\u00e1 vec. Zrealizovali ste mimoriadne n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fa misiu, ktor\u00e1 v\u00a0Austr\u00e1lii nem\u00e1 obdobu. Pre\u010do vznikla exped\u00edcia H\u013eadanie super koralov (Super Coral Expedition) a\u00a0ak\u00fd bol jej cie\u013e?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Great Barrier Reef Legacy zalo\u017eili John Rumney a Dr. Dean Miller. Jeho poslan\u00edm je vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 vedu na h\u013eadanie rie\u0161en\u00ed, na vzdel\u00e1vanie a komunik\u00e1ciu a obnovi\u0165 prepojenia medzi verejnos\u0165ou a vedou a samotn\u00fdm \u00fatesom. Po opakovanom bielen\u00ed (proces umierania koralov) v rokoch 2016 a 2017 leteck\u00e9 prieskumy uk\u00e1zali rozsiahle vymieranie v od\u013eahlej severnej oblasti Ve\u013ekej koralovej bari\u00e9ry. Preto\u017ee t\u00e1to oblas\u0165 je pre vedcov relat\u00edvne nedostupn\u00e1, nevedeli sa dosta\u0165 do vody a presk\u00fama\u0165 zdravie \u00fatesov. A\u00a0tu pomohla Great Barrier Reef Legacy. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Northern Escape Collection n\u00e1m darovala plavidlo a\u00a0my sme zostavili unik\u00e1tnu trojt\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov\u00fa exped\u00edciu H\u013eadanie super koralov. Cie\u013eom bolo pou\u017ei\u0165 nov\u00fd kolaborat\u00edvny pr\u00edstup k vedeckej spolupr\u00e1ci \u2013 zostavi\u0165 t\u00edm \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdch vedcov z r\u00f4znych odvetv\u00ed, ktor\u00ed bud\u00fa spolo\u010dne pracova\u0165 v rovnakom \u010dase na tom istom \u00fatese. Tak\u00e1to \u00farove\u0148 spolupr\u00e1ce sa na Ve\u013ekej koralovej bari\u00e9re e\u0161te neuskuto\u010dnila. Cie\u013eom boli prv\u00e9 prieskumy vo vode po bielen\u00ed koralov na \u010falekom severe austr\u00e1lskeho kontinentu.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\nPaul Myers je opera\u010dn\u00fd mana\u017e\u00e9r organiz\u00e1cie The Great Barrier Reef Legacy (Dedi\u010dstvo Ve\u013ekej koralovej bari\u00e9ry) a riadite\u013e kni\u017enice The Great Barrier Reef Library.<\/strong> V\u00a0oblasti turizmu pracuje takmer desa\u0165 rokov. Pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi rokmi za\u010dal pozorova\u0165 zmeny na koralovom \u00fatese. To, \u010do miluje, za\u010dalo pred n\u00edm umiera\u0165. H\u013eadal sp\u00f4sob, ako by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fd a\u00a0pom\u00f4c\u0165, \u010do ho priviedlo k organiz\u00e1cii Gret Barrier Reef Legacy. S t\u00edmom chc\u00fa vytvori\u0165 komunitu napojen\u00fa na vedu na koralovom \u00fatese, preto\u017ee veria, \u017ee ak \u013eudia spolupracuj\u00fa, prekonaj\u00fa v\u0161etky prek\u00e1\u017eky pri zachr\u00e1ne tohto unik\u00e1tneho ekosyst\u00e9mu na na\u0161ej plan\u00e9te.<\/div>\n

Lo\u010f pln\u00e1 vedcov, morsk\u00fdch biol\u00f3gov, profesion\u00e1lnych pot\u00e1pa\u010dov, dobrovo\u013en\u00edkov a\u00a0odhodlan\u00fdch \u010dlenov t\u00edmu sa 21 dn\u00ed plavila popri v\u00fdchodnom pobre\u017e\u00ed od mesta Port Douglas a\u017e po najsevernej\u0161iu \u010das\u0165 Punsand a\u00a0Thursday Island. T\u00e1to \u010das\u0165 Ve\u013ekej koralovej bari\u00e9ry utrpela najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie straty, ke\u010f v\u00a0rokoch 2016 a\u00a02017 pri\u0161la o\u00a0viac ako tretinu koralov. \u010co sa presne udialo?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vr\u00e1tili sme sa s mnoh\u00fdmi zauj\u00edmav\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledkami a aj s pocitom n\u00e1deje, ktor\u00fd n\u00e1s prekvapil. Ke\u010f sme dorazili na miesto, boli sme v\u0161etci nerv\u00f3zni. O\u010dak\u00e1vali sme masy m\u0155tvych koralov a opusten\u00e9 \u00fatesy. Ale nebolo to celkom tak. Zistili sme, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u00fatesov bli\u017e\u0161ie k pobre\u017eiu je cintor\u00ednom. Bolo to ve\u013emi smutn\u00e9. Av\u0161ak v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u00fatesov \u010falej od pobre\u017eia je, naopak, ve\u013ekolep\u00e1! Jedny z najkraj\u0161\u00edch \u00fatesov, \u010do som osobne videl. Jedna lokalita bola \u00faplne mimoriadna, identifikovali sme tam 181 druhov tzv. tvrd\u00fdch koralov. Nazvali sme ju Legacy Super Site. Je \u00fatesom zatia\u013e s najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou diverzitou tvrd\u00fdch koralov na Ve\u013ekej koralovej bari\u00e9re. Teoreticky to vysvet\u013eujeme tak, \u017ee vzdialenej\u0161ie \u00fatesy hlb\u0161ia oce\u00e1nska voda chladila, zatia\u013e \u010do tie bli\u017e\u0161ie k pobre\u017eiu, sediace v plytkej lag\u00fane, sa zahriali r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a na dlh\u0161ie obdobie, \u010do viedlo k ich v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej devast\u00e1cii. Zozbierali sme tie\u017e mno\u017estvo koralov\u00fdch fragmentov, ktor\u00e9 \u0161li do laborat\u00f3ria, aby sme lep\u0161ie pochopili ich molekul\u00e1rne a fyziologick\u00e9 vlastnosti. Niektor\u00e9 boli pou\u017eit\u00e9 na rozmno\u017eovanie v\u00a0laborat\u00f3riu Austr\u00e1lskeho in\u0161tit\u00fatu morsk\u00fdch vied, kde sa sna\u017eia vypestova\u0165 tepelne odoln\u00e9 koraly. In\u00e9 vzorky sa pou\u017eili na mikrobiologick\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie v snahe pom\u00f4c\u0165 n\u00e1m lep\u0161ie pochopi\u0165 koralov\u00fd bi\u00f3m ako celok.<\/p>\n

Exped\u00edcia dosiahla v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 \u00faspechy. Ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pre v\u00e1s najv\u00fdnimo\u010dnej\u0161ie?<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00e1to trojt\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov\u00e1 exped\u00edcia naozaj dosiahla ve\u013ea. Objavili sme \u00faplne nov\u00fd druh koralov \u2013 prv\u00fd objav po 30 rokoch! Objavili sme druhy \u00fahorov a\u00a0holot\u00fari\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 e\u0161te neboli v Austr\u00e1lii zaznamenan\u00e9, a dva druhy r\u00fdb, ktor\u00e9 boli prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t zaznamenan\u00e9 na Ve\u013ekej koralovej bari\u00e9re. Osobne bola pre m\u0148a zlat\u00fdm klincom identifik\u00e1cia „napodob\u0148ovac\u00edch rias“. T\u00e1to riasa napodob\u0148uje koral okolo seba v jeho tvare a\u00a0forme. Nikdy predt\u00fdm som o nie\u010dom takom nepo\u010dul. Ani mnoh\u00ed \u010fal\u0161\u00ed z n\u00e1s na palube sa s\u00a0ni\u010d\u00edm podobn\u00fdm doteraz nestretli. To len pod\u010diarkuje, ak\u00e9 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je spr\u00edstupni\u0165 \u00fates povolan\u00fdm, preto\u017ee st\u00e1le sa m\u00e1me \u010do nau\u010di\u0165. Mysl\u00edm si v\u0161ak, \u017ee najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm \u00faspechom bola spolupr\u00e1ca r\u00f4znych vedcov a\u00a0organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed. Ide o\u00a0nov\u00fd model vo vede a v\u00fdsledky boli ve\u013emi p\u00f4sobiv\u00e9. Ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 pri ve\u010deri po\u010d\u00fava\u0165 t\u00fdchto m\u00fadrych \u013eud\u00ed diskutova\u0165 o svojich pozorovaniach a zisteniach, zdie\u013ea\u0165 n\u00e1pady a my\u0161lienky, to bolo naozaj neuverite\u013en\u00e9!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Prieskum koralov v praxi\n

\u010co v\u00e1s na va\u0161ej misii najviac zarm\u00fatilo, a\u00a0naopak, kedy ste c\u00edtili zados\u0165u\u010dinenie, \u017ee va\u0161a misia m\u00e1 naozaj zmysel a bud\u00facnos\u0165?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Najsmutnej\u0161ie bolo vidie\u0165 re\u00e1lny stav niektor\u00fdch pobre\u017en\u00fdch \u00fatesov. Kol\u00f3nie pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich koralov sa dali spo\u010d\u00edta\u0165. Niektor\u00e9 z nich boli u\u017e len cintor\u00edny s\u00a0ve\u013emi mal\u00fdm po\u010dtom r\u00fdb. Charlie Veron, „krstn\u00fd otec koralov“, u\u017e dlh\u00e9 roky predpoved\u00e1 z\u00e1nik na\u0161ich koralov\u00fdch \u00fatesov. Jeho reakcia po prehliadke spom\u00ednanej lokality Legacy Super Site s obrovskou rozmanitos\u0165ou koralov, ru\u0161nej \u017eivej metropoly, n\u00e1m dala n\u00e1dej. Charlieho prv\u00e9 slov\u00e1 po vynoren\u00ed sa boli: \u201eE\u0161te nekon\u010d\u00ed.\u201c Tento \u00fates n\u00e1m dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee Ve\u013ek\u00e1 koralov\u00e1 bari\u00e9ra je odoln\u00e1 a m\u00e1 \u0161ancu. Mus\u00edme jej len trochu pom\u00f4c\u0165, aby sa zachovala pre bud\u00face gener\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Zozbieran\u00e9 vzorky koralov\n

Ve\u013ek\u00fd bari\u00e9rov\u00fd \u00fates je nielen jedine\u010dn\u00fdm a\u00a0nenahradite\u013en\u00fdm ekosyst\u00e9mom, ale zohr\u00e1va aj k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pre ekonomiku Austr\u00e1lie. Z\u00e1vis\u00ed od neho ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 turizmu, vytv\u00e1ra pracovn\u00e9 miesta, je zdrojom prote\u00ednov a je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd pre\u00a0bud\u00faci \u017eivot. Aj napriek tomu nie s\u00fa n\u00e1zory na jeho aktu\u00e1lny stav a\u00a0potrebu ochrany v\u017edy jednotn\u00e9. Kde vid\u00edte najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Koralov\u00fd \u00fates \u010del\u00ed nieko\u013ek\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom. Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm je potrebn\u00e9 pochopi\u0165, \u017ee to nie je iba pr\u00edrodn\u00e1 katastrofa, ale re\u00e1lny probl\u00e9m pre \u013eud\u00ed. Bez na\u0161ich \u00fatesov doch\u00e1dza k strate pracovn\u00fdch miest a pr\u00edjmov, ale aj k n\u00e1rastu pobre\u017enej er\u00f3zie, zni\u017eovaniu po\u010dtu r\u00fdb a k strate kr\u00e1sneho pr\u00edrodn\u00e9ho prostredia. Skuto\u010dne stoj\u00ed za to ho chr\u00e1ni\u0165. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina vedcov sa zhoduje, \u017ee hlavnou hrozbou pre \u00fatesy je otep\u013eovanie oce\u00e1nov. Jednoducho nem\u00f4\u017eu pre\u017ei\u0165, ak bude teplota na\u010falej st\u00fapa\u0165. Probl\u00e9m zhor\u0161uje aj morsk\u00e1 hviezdica naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 t\u0155\u0148ov\u00e1 koruna, domorod\u00fd pred\u00e1tor, ktor\u00fd sa \u017eiv\u00ed koralmi. Hviezdice sa rozmno\u017eili v d\u00f4sledku straty svojich prirodzen\u00fdch pred\u00e1torov a zv\u00fd\u0161enej er\u00f3zie. Rast\u00face teploty m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 \u010dastej\u0161ie a silnej\u0161ie b\u00farky a cykl\u00f3ny, \u010do poukazuje na najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m: mnoh\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto javov s\u00fa navz\u00e1jom prepojen\u00e9. Nem\u00f4\u017eeme vyrie\u0161i\u0165 jeden a d\u00fafa\u0165, \u017ee \u00fates bude v poriadku. Ak m\u00e1 \u00fates ma\u0165 \u0161ancu do bud\u00facnosti, mus\u00edme sa s\u00fastredi\u0165 na v\u0161etky probl\u00e9my z\u00e1rove\u0148. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti zbierame finan\u010dn\u00e9 prostriedky na \u010fal\u0161iu exped\u00edciu H\u013eadanie rie\u0161en\u00ed. Chceme na Ve\u013ekej koralovej bari\u00e9re testova\u0165 n\u00e1pady a mo\u017en\u00e9 rie\u0161enia na ochranu koralov\u00fdch \u00fatesov. Exped\u00edcia sa vyd\u00e1 na plavbu v\u00a0novembri. Osta\u0148te s nami v kontakte, aby v\u00e1m ni\u010d vzru\u0161uj\u00face neuniklo!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sources: <\/em>
\nwww.greatbarrierreeflegacy.org, www.climatecouncil.org.au, www.floridakeys.noaa.gov<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nahliadnite s nami do z\u00e1kulisia nev\u00eddanej vedeckej exped\u00edcie za koralov\u00fdmi \u00fatesmi!<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6048","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6048"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6048\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6048"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6048"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6048"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}