<\/p>\n
Bishoft, Eti\u00f3pia, let \u010d\u00edslo 302, 10. marec 2019. Zahynulo 175 \u013eud\u00ed. Nieko\u013eko mesiacov predt\u00fdm sa zr\u00fatilo lietadlo letu 610 spolo\u010dnosti Lion Air, havarovalo v Indon\u00e9zii a zahynulo 189 \u013eud\u00ed. Tieto dva lety obsluhovalo rovnak\u00e9 lietadlo – Boeing 737 Max 8, pri\u010dom modely neboli star\u00e9 ani \u0161tyri mesiace. A ich motor je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dom k pochopeniu, \u010do sa to vlastne stalo.<\/p>\n
Na samotnom motore vlastne nie je ni\u010d zl\u00e9. Sna\u017eia sa ho na svoje lietadl\u00e1 umiest\u0148ova\u0165 aj in\u00ed v\u00fdrobcovia ako Boeing a bez probl\u00e9mov. Zlyhanie tentokr\u00e1t spo\u010d\u00edvalo v kombin\u00e1cii komplikovan\u00e9ho umiestnenia motorov a softv\u00e9ru, ktor\u00e9 ich riadili.<\/p>\n
Svet lietadiel dnes z ve\u013ekej \u010dasti ovl\u00e1daj\u00fa dve spolo\u010dnosti: Boeing (38%) a Airbus (28%). Ostatn\u00ed v\u00fdrobcovia si delia 34-percentn\u00fd trhov\u00fd podiel (\u00fadaj z roku 2016, Commercial Avitation Fleet & MRO Forecast, Aviation Week Network).<\/em><\/p>\n Tieto dve spolo\u010dnosti s\u00fa pod obrovsk\u00fdm konkuren\u010dn\u00fdm tlakom, preto\u017ee kto sk\u00f4r pr\u00edde s inov\u00e1ciou schopnou \u0161etri\u0165 leteck\u00fdm spolo\u010dnostiam n\u00e1klady, ten vyhr\u00e1va. Tak\u00e9to nie\u010do sa stalo v roku 2010, ke\u010f Boeing za\u010dal prich\u00e1dza\u0165 o obrovsk\u00e9 peniaze v d\u00f4sledku v\u00fdznamnej inov\u00e1cie od Airbusu.<\/p>\n Airbus predstavil pl\u00e1n vylep\u0161i\u0165 svoj vtedaj\u0161\u00ed model A320. Je to jednouli\u010dkov\u00e9 lietadlo, ktor\u00e9 obsluhuje ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo letov v USA. Inov\u00e1cia pri\u0161la v podobe lep\u0161ieho motora – bol v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed, ale dosahoval o 15 percent ni\u017e\u0161iu spotrebu leteck\u00e9ho benz\u00ednu, pritom samotn\u00e9 lietadlo sa ve\u013emi nezmenilo. Pilot mohol riadi\u0165 vylep\u0161en\u00fd A320neo s iba minim\u00e1lnym dodato\u010dn\u00fdm \u0161kolen\u00edm a z\u00e1cvikom. T\u00fdch p\u00e4tn\u00e1s\u0165 percent \u00faspory pre leteck\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti znamenalo \u00fasporu mimoriadnych finan\u010dn\u00fdch prostriedkov.<\/p>\n Airbus A320neo\n Pre Boeing znamenal A320neo<\/strong> ve\u013ek\u00fd probl\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd musel vyrie\u0161i\u0165 pomocou uvedenia vylep\u0161enej verzie konkuren\u010dn\u00e9ho modelu. Preto Boeing predstavil vylep\u0161en\u00fd model 737-800 s n\u00e1zvom 737 Max 8. Pr\u00edstup k vylep\u0161eniu bol podobn\u00fd ako v Airbuse – lietadlo samotn\u00e9 pre\u0161lo iba men\u0161\u00edmi zmenami, ale motor bol v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed a \u00faspornej\u0161\u00ed. Boeing v\u0161ak musel v porovnan\u00ed s Airbusom vyrie\u0161i\u0165 jeden ve\u013ek\u00fd nedostatok – v\u00fd\u0161ku lietadla. 737 bola oproti A320 ni\u017e\u0161ia, teda aj kr\u00eddla boli bli\u017e\u0161ie k zemi a motor sa u\u017e preto pod ne nevo\u0161iel.<\/p>\n V\u00fdvojov\u00e9 oddelenie Boeingu preto pri\u0161lo po nieko\u013ek\u00fdch mesiacoch s rie\u0161en\u00edm technickej v\u00fdzvy: motor bol posunut\u00fd o nie\u010do vy\u0161\u0161ie tak, \u017ee presahoval spodn\u00fa hranu kr\u00eddla. Teda bol ulo\u017een\u00fd akoby s hornou hranou tesne nad hornou hranou kr\u00eddla.<\/p>\n Ke\u010f\u017ee bol nov\u00fd 737 Max iba vylep\u0161en\u00edm v\u00fdchodiskov\u00e9ho modelu 737-800, nepotrebovali piloti ani rozsiahlej\u0161\u00ed tr\u00e9ning. A to bola chyba.<\/p>\n Posun motora nad kr\u00eddlo mal ne\u017eiad\u00faci ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00ed efekt, \u017ee v maxim\u00e1lnom \u0165ahu (teda pri \u0161tarte) mal nos tendenciu pr\u00edli\u0161 sa zdv\u00edha\u0165, \u010do mohlo vies\u0165 k zhasnutiu motoru. Preto Boeing lietadl\u00e1 vybavil \u0161peci\u00e1lnym softv\u00e9rom, ktor\u00fd automaticky prive\u013ek\u00e9 zdv\u00edhanie korigova\u0165. Syst\u00e9m sa vol\u00e1 Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS).\u00a0Softv\u00e9r mal v\u0161etko robi\u0165 automaticky a bezpe\u010dne, teda bez \u00fa\u010dasti pilota. V\u00fdrobca preto \u00fadajne o novom softv\u00e9ri pilotom ani nepovedal a \u0161kolenie prebiehalo prostredn\u00edctvom iPadu po\u010das dvoch hod\u00edn.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Boeing 737 MAX 8\n V priebehu roku 2018 sa nieko\u013eko americk\u00fdch pilotov s\u0165a\u017eovalo na to, \u017ee 737 Max z ni\u010doho ni\u010d za\u010dal skl\u00e1pa\u0165 nos smerom k zemi. A 29. okt\u00f3bra 2018 sa zr\u00fatil prv\u00fd tento stroj. Let 610 Lion Air od\u0161tartoval z Jakarty. Piloti cel\u00fd \u010das bojovali so syst\u00e9mom MCAS, ktor\u00fd tla\u010dil nos lietadla smerom k zemi, a\u017e sa 12 min\u00fat po \u0161tarte zr\u00fatilo do J\u00e1vskeho mora. Neskor\u0161ie vy\u0161etrovanie dok\u00e1zalo, \u017ee pilotom sa podarilo syst\u00e9m MCAS pod\u013ea pr\u00edru\u010dky vypn\u00fa\u0165, ale u\u017e pr\u00edli\u0161 neskoro na to, aby zvr\u00e1tili vplyv pokazen\u00fdch senzorov.<\/p>\n Vylep\u0161en\u00fd syst\u00e9m MCAS od Boeingu je u\u017e menej agres\u00edvny a piloti absolvovali \u010fal\u0161ie \u0161kolenie, s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou ktor\u00e9ho je aj n\u00e1vod, ako m\u00f4\u017eu syst\u00e9m \u00faplne vypn\u00fa\u0165.<\/p>\n 11. apr\u00edla 2019 riadite\u013e Boeingu,\u00a0Dennis Mullenburg, potvrdil, \u017ee v\u00fdrobca absolvoval 96 testovac\u00edch letov s vylep\u0161en\u00fdm softv\u00e9rom. Napriek tomu zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa mnoh\u00e9 Boeingy 737 Max 8 uzemnen\u00e9 minim\u00e1lne do j\u00fala a augusta tohto roka.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Dalo by sa jednoducho tvrdi\u0165, \u017ee Boeing pochybil v d\u00f4sledku siln\u00e9ho konkuren\u010dn\u00e9ho tlaku. Pr\u00e1ve pod jeho vplyvom mal tvrdi\u0165, \u017ee sa jeho nov\u00fd model lietadla spr\u00e1va rovnako ako predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faca gener\u00e1cia, hoci to nebola \u00fapln\u00e1 pravda. V skuto\u010dnosti je v\u0161ak probl\u00e9m ove\u013ea komplikovanej\u0161\u00ed a nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 zhodnoti\u0165 ho jednoduch\u00fdmi z\u00e1vermi a domnienkami. Leteck\u00fd priemysel sa ka\u017edou trag\u00e9diou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom posunul v bezpe\u010dnosti vpred. Verejnos\u0165 vie o ka\u017edom jednom zr\u00faten\u00ed lietadla a leteck\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti, vl\u00e1dy i v\u00fdrobcovia robia v\u0161etko preto, aby sa podobn\u00e9 veci u\u017e nikdy neopakovali. Nepochybne je to aj tento pr\u00edpad, i ke\u010f je pravdou, \u017ee obet\u00ed pokroku u\u017e bolo pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ea.<\/p>\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Po dvoch hav\u00e1ri\u00e1ch Boeingov 737 Max sa mnoh\u00e9 tieto lietadl\u00e1 uzemnili. Pre leteck\u00fd svet je to v\u00fdznamn\u00fd probl\u00e9m, preto\u017ee leteck\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti nemaj\u00fa za 737 Max<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6134"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6134\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Vina konkuren\u010dn\u00e9ho tlaku? Jednoduch\u00e9 z\u00e1very neexistuj\u00fa<\/h3>\n