{"id":6344,"date":"2019-12-07T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-06T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/usa-a-cina-maju-spolocne-viac-ako-sa-zda\/"},"modified":"2019-12-07T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2019-12-06T23:00:00","slug":"usa-a-cina-maju-spolocne-viac-ako-sa-zda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/usa-a-cina-maju-spolocne-viac-ako-sa-zda\/","title":{"rendered":"USA a \u010c\u00edna maj\u00fa spolo\u010dn\u00e9 viac ako sa zd\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tituln\u00e1 fotografia: Arch\u00edv autorky \u010dl\u00e1nku (foten\u00e9 v okt\u00f3bri 2019 v Skopje \u2013 Maced\u00f3nsko)<\/em><\/p>\n

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Ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, samozrejme, napadne zahrani\u010dn\u00fd obchod, ktor\u00fd je aj samotn\u00fdm kame\u0148om \u00farazu vz\u00e1jomn\u00fd vz\u0165ahov t\u00fdchto kraj\u00edn a sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010dom obchodnej vojny. \u010eal\u0161ie podobnosti v\u0161ak zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa prehliadan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Okrem obchodnej z\u00e1vislosti a\u00a0zna\u010dnej ve\u013ekosti ekonom\u00edk maj\u00fa tieto krajiny spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho mnoho. Obe maj\u00fa vodcu, ktor\u00fd si presadzuje siln\u00fa autoritu. V\u00a0tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku sa v\u0161ak nebudem zaobera\u0165 politikou. Zameriam sa na <\/span>podobnosti vo (ne)fungovan\u00ed soci\u00e1lneho syst\u00e9mu, dovoleniek a\u00a0spotreby obyvate\u013estva<\/b>. Pr\u00e1ve v\u00a0t\u00fdch oblastiach, toti\u017e existuje siln\u00e1 podobnos\u0165 medzi t\u00fdmito dvoma ekonomick\u00fdmi a\u00a0politick\u00fdmi rivalmi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Rovnako ako Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty, aj \u010c\u00edna m\u00e1 prakticky absentuj\u00faci soci\u00e1lny syst\u00e9m<\/b><\/p>\n

Ako Eur\u00f3pania sme zvyknut\u00ed zaklada\u0165 si na rovnov\u00e1he medzi s\u00fakromn\u00fdm a\u00a0pracovn\u00fdm \u017eivotom. V\u00a0USA a\u00a0\u010c\u00edne sa v\u0161ak tento koncept \u00faplne str\u00e1ca. Obe krajiny maj\u00fa z\u00a0poh\u013eadu Eur\u00f3pana extr\u00e9mne m\u00e1lo dn\u00ed platenej dovolenky. V\u00a0\u010c\u00edne m\u00e1 zamestnanec, ktor\u00fd odpracoval menej ako 10 rokov n\u00e1rok iba na 5 dn\u00ed dovolenky v roku. V\u00a0USA m\u00e1 zamestnanec n\u00e1rok na minimum 10 dn\u00ed dovolenky, probl\u00e9mom ale je, \u017ee mnoh\u00ed zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea nepriamo n\u00fatia zamestnancov vzda\u0165 sa nieko\u013ek\u00fdch z\u00a0t\u00fdchto dn\u00ed. Robia to tak, \u017ee zamestnancom, ktor\u00ed si vyber\u00fa v\u0161etky dni dovolenky neudelia na konci roka finan\u010dn\u00fd bonus, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee predstavova\u0165 r\u00e1dovo aj v\u00fd\u0161ku celomesa\u010dn\u00e9ho platu. V\u00a0oboch krajin\u00e1ch je tie\u017e extr\u00e9mne jednoduch\u00e9 ukon\u010di\u0165 pracovn\u00fd pomer. Plat\u00ed to rovnako pre zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea ako aj pre zamestnanca. V\u00fdpove\u010f nadob\u00fada v\u00a0mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 s\u00a0okam\u017eitou platnos\u0165ou a bez v\u00fdpovednej doby. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna s\u00edce zaost\u00e1va za USA oh\u013eadom penzijn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu<\/strong>, vyhliadky Ameri\u010danov v\u0161ak tie\u017e nie s\u00fa najru\u017eovej\u0161ie. Zaost\u00e1vanie \u010c\u00edny je sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 t\u00fdm, \u017ee je e\u0161te st\u00e1le v\u00a0procese budovania penzijn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. V\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti maj\u00fa v\u00a0\u010c\u00edne n\u00e1rok na penziu takmer v\u00fdlu\u010dne iba b\u00fdval\u00ed zamestnanci \u0161t\u00e1tnych podnikov. O\u00a0ostatn\u00fdch penzistov sa musia finan\u010dne postara\u0165 ich deti a\u00a0vn\u00fa\u010dat\u00e1. V\u00a0USA je s\u00edce penzijn\u00fd syst\u00e9m etablovan\u00fd u\u017e nieko\u013eko desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed, bud\u00faci d\u00f4chodcovia ale aj tak nemaj\u00fa \u00fapln\u00fa garanciu, \u017ee im bud\u00fa vyplaten\u00e9 penzie, nako\u013eko nemusia by\u0165 kryt\u00ed v\u00a0pr\u00edpade, ak zbankrotuje penzijn\u00fd fond, ktor\u00fd spravuje ich financie.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edna m\u00e1 zasa navrch pri poskytovan\u00ed zdravotnej starostlivosti, nako\u013eko je takmer bezplatn\u00e1 a\u00a0m\u00f4\u017ee si ju dovoli\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00fd ob\u010dan. V\u00a0\u010c\u00edne teda nem\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 pr\u00edpad, \u017ee by niekto neabsolvoval lie\u010dbu, kv\u00f4li tomu, \u017ee si ju nem\u00f4\u017ee dovoli\u0165. Je ale nutn\u00e9 spomen\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee \u010c\u00edna z\u00e1pas\u00ed s\u00a0nedostatkom lek\u00e1rov a\u00a0v\u0161eobecn\u00fd lek\u00e1r m\u00e1 v\u00a0tejto krajine s\u00a0popul\u00e1ciou viac ako 1,4 miliardy \u013eud\u00ed na jedn\u00e9ho pacienta v\u00a0priemere 3 min\u00faty \u010dasu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Rast\u00faca zadl\u017eenos\u0165 obyvate\u013estva a\u00a0konzumn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob \u017eivota tr\u00e1pia USA aj \u010c\u00ednu<\/b><\/p>\n

Tak ako USA, aj \u010c\u00edna m\u00e1 svoj \u201eAmerican Dream\u201c, ten \u010d\u00ednsky sa v\u0161ak prirodzene vol\u00e1 \u201e\u4e2d\u56fd\u68a6\u201c \u010do v\u00a0preklade znamen\u00e1 \u201e\u010c\u00ednsky sen\u201c. Mnoh\u00ed \u010c\u00ed\u0148ania vyrastali v\u00a0\u00faplnej chudobe 50., 60. a\u00a070. rokov. Po otvoren\u00ed krajiny zahrani\u010dn\u00e9mu obchodu, ktor\u00e9 bolo spusten\u00e9 v\u00a0roku 1978, sa do \u010c\u00edny za\u010dali relokova\u0165 zahrani\u010dn\u00e9, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm americk\u00e9, zna\u010dky. T\u00fdm sa za\u010dala hist\u00f3ria \u010c\u00edny ako \u201etov\u00e1rne sveta\u201c, kde sa vyr\u00e1ba v\u0161etko \u010do v\u00e1s napadne. S\u00a0pr\u00edlevom finan\u010dn\u00fdch prostriedkov zo zahrani\u010dn\u00e9ho obchodu za\u010dala postupne poci\u0165ova\u0165 benefity aj t\u00e1 najchudobnej\u0161ia vrstva. Mlad\u00ed \u013eudia v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnej \u010c\u00edne, kv\u00f4li tvrdej pr\u00e1ci svojich rodi\u010dov v\u00a0tov\u00e1r\u0148ach, v\u00a0podstate neza\u017eili chudobu. Vyrastali po\u010das hospod\u00e1rskeho napredovania krajiny sledovan\u00edm americk\u00fdch filmov a\u00a0sn\u00edvan\u00edm o\u00a0\u0161t\u00fadiu v\u00a0USA alebo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii (\u010do sa mnoh\u00fdm z\u00a0nich aj podarilo). V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z\u00a0nich s\u00fa v d\u00f4sledku \u201ePolitiky jedn\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a\u201c jedin\u00e1\u010dikovia. Ich status jedin\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a im zabezpe\u010dil okrem pozornosti celej rodiny aj to, \u017ee sa ich rodiny postarali o\u00a0to, aby im ni\u010d v\u00a0\u017eivote nech\u00fdbalo. Je to pochopite\u013en\u00e9, nako\u013eko absencia soci\u00e1lneho d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu v\u00a0\u010c\u00edne sp\u00f4sobuje, \u017ee deti sa v\u00a0dospelosti bud\u00fa musie\u0165 stara\u0165 o\u00a0rodi\u010dov a\u00a0star\u00fdch rodi\u010dov. Je teda v\u00a0prirodzenom z\u00e1ujme rodi\u010dov dopria\u0165 de\u0165om \u010do najlep\u0161ie vzdelanie a\u00a0t\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 v bud\u00face vyhliadky celej rodiny.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010co bolo myslen\u00e9 dobre sa ale vracia sp\u00e4\u0165 negat\u00edvne t\u00fdm, \u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00ed mlad\u00ed \u013eudia nemaj\u00fa \u017eiadny koncept \u0161etrenia. Zna\u010dn\u00e9 percento mlad\u00fdch pracuj\u00facich a\u00a0vzdelan\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed vo veku do 30 rokov nedok\u00e1\u017ee mesa\u010dne u\u0161etri\u0165 v\u00f4bec ni\u010d. Ke\u010f\u017ee vyrastali s\u00a0t\u00fdm, \u017ee dostali v\u0161etko \u010do na \u010do si uk\u00e1zali, my\u0161lienky, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 v\u0161etko \u010do sa im zap\u00e1\u010di sa nevedia vzda\u0165 ani vo svojej dospelosti.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00a0\u010c\u00edne je \u00faverovanie fyzick\u00fdch os\u00f4b bankami st\u00e1le na ve\u013emi n\u00edzkej \u00farovni. V\u00a0posledn\u00fdch rokoch vzniklo ve\u013emi ve\u013ea tzv. \u201eP2P\u201c \u00faverov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148ovali \u013eu\u010fom po\u017ei\u010diava\u0165 si navz\u00e1jom. Po mnoh\u00fdch bankrotoch a\u00a0trag\u00e9di\u00e1ch vl\u00e1da tak\u00e9to po\u017ei\u010diavanie nakoniec zak\u00e1zala.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom je neregulovan\u00e9 investovanie \u010d\u00ednskeho obyvate\u013estva na finan\u010dn\u00fdch trhoch. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti si m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4chodca cez \u010d\u00ednsky WhatsApp, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd WeChat, jedn\u00fdm klikom bez ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek dokazovania znalosti obchodovania na finan\u010dn\u00fdch trhoch k\u00fapi\u0165 akcie na burze. Nikto nepreveruje ich finan\u010dn\u00fa gramotnos\u0165 ani zabezpe\u010denos\u0165. Mnoho d\u00f4chodcov sa u\u017e v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku ch\u00fdbaj\u00facej regul\u00e1cie stihlo pripravi\u0165 o\u00a0celo\u017eivotn\u00e9 \u00faspory.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Americk\u00fd spotrebite\u013e so siedmimi kreditkami sa v\u00a0princ\u00edpe a\u017e tak ve\u013emi nel\u00ed\u0161i od priemern\u00e9ho pracovne produkt\u00edvneho \u010c\u00ed\u0148ana vo veku 25 a\u017e 35 rokov…\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

USA a\u00a0\u010c\u00edna si nemaj\u00fa \u010do z\u00e1vidie\u0165 ani \u010do sa t\u00fdka celkov\u00e9ho dlhu<\/b><\/p>\n

Ke\u010f sa spomenie dlh kraj\u00edn, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed si predstav\u00ed dlhodob\u00fdch dlhov\u00fdch vinn\u00edkov, Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty a\u00a0Japonsko. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade USA, dosahoval celkov\u00fd dlh krajiny na za\u010diatku roka 2019 hodnotu 69 bili\u00f3nov americk\u00fdch dol\u00e1rov, \u010do predstavovalo viac ako trojn\u00e1sobok hrub\u00e9ho dom\u00e1ceho produktu krajiny (HDP). \u010c\u00edna v\u0161ak za Spojen\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00e1tmi a\u017e tak ve\u013emi nezaost\u00e1va. Tento rok jej dlh, vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 40 bili\u00f3nov americk\u00fdch dol\u00e1rov, presiahol 300 percent HDP. Vl\u00e1da u\u017e \u0161krt\u00ed poskytovanie \u00faverov na medzibankovom trhu a\u00a0sna\u017e\u00ed sa zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 p\u00e1du \u0161t\u00e1tnych podnikov odk\u00e1zan\u00fdch na \u00favery, rovnako ako aj p\u00e1du bankov\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u201etoo big to fail\u201c. Obmedzuje aj tzv. \u201etie\u0148ov\u00fd\u201c sektor bankovn\u00edctva, ktor\u00fd sa dost\u00e1va do probl\u00e9mov v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku zl\u00fdch \u00faverov a\u00a0ch\u00fdbaj\u00facej regul\u00e1cie. Probl\u00e9mom je, \u017ee tie\u0148ov\u00fd sektor bankovn\u00edctva pod\u013ea odhadov expertov dosahuje a\u017e viac ako 80 percentn\u00fd podiel na HDP \u010c\u00edny.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Rozdielom oproti USA je, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina dlhu v\u00a0\u010c\u00edne je vl\u00e1dneho a\u00a0korpor\u00e1tneho charakteru. Exponovanos\u0165 oby\u010dajn\u00e9ho obyvate\u013estva na tomto zadl\u017een\u00ed je preto st\u00e1le relat\u00edvne n\u00edzka. Extr\u00e9mna spotreba mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed a\u00a0ch\u00fdbaj\u00faca regul\u00e1cia pr\u00edstupu obyvate\u013estva k\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00fdm trhom v\u0161ak nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee zadl\u017eenos\u0165 be\u017en\u00e9ho obyvate\u013estva bude \u010falej r\u00e1s\u0165.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Podobnost\u00ed medzi oboma obchodn\u00fdmi rivalmi by sa dalo n\u00e1js\u0165 viac. Cie\u013eom m\u00f4jho \u010dl\u00e1nku nebolo v\u00e1m ich v\u0161etky predstavi\u0165. Mojim z\u00e1merom bolo uk\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee obe krajiny sa v\u00a0mnohom podobaj\u00fa a to aj napriek tomu, \u017ee sa to nep\u00e1\u010di ich politick\u00fdm predstavite\u013eom. A\u00a0mo\u017eno pr\u00e1ve t\u00e1to skuto\u010dnos\u0165 je hlavn\u00fdm kame\u0148om \u00farazu medzi nimi…<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroje: Caixin, CNN Business, Reuters, International Monetary Fund<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Aj ke\u010f sa to na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead nezd\u00e1, USA a \u010c\u00edna sa vo ve\u013ea aspektoch a\u017e tak ve\u013emi nel\u00ed\u0161ia. Po\u010das prebiehaj\u00facej obchodnej vojny medzi oboma krajinami sa na n\u00e1s valia kus\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 zvy\u010dajne ukazuj\u00fa v lep\u0161om svetle iba jednu zo z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch kraj\u00edn. \u010ci u\u017e \u010dl\u00e1nky favorizuj\u00fa \u010c\u00ednu alebo Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty, m\u00e1lokto sa pri ich \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed zamysl\u00ed nad t\u00fdm, \u010do tieto dve krajiny sp\u00e1ja.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6344","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6344","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6344"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6344\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6344"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6344"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6344"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}