{"id":6371,"date":"2020-01-14T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-13T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/prvy-robot-zo-zivych-buniek\/"},"modified":"2020-01-14T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2020-01-13T23:00:00","slug":"prvy-robot-zo-zivych-buniek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/prvy-robot-zo-zivych-buniek\/","title":{"rendered":"Prv\u00fd robot vyroben\u00fd zo \u017eiv\u00fdch buniek je na svete: ani \u017eiv\u00fd, ani umel\u00fd, nie\u010do medzit\u00fdm"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&quot;<strong>Prv\u00fd robot kompletne vyroben\u00fd zo \u017eiv\u00fdch buniek<\/strong>\u201c. Znie v\u00e1m to ako vzdialen\u00e9 sci-fi? Nemalo by, preto\u017ee pr\u00e1ve tak\u00e9ho robota najnov\u0161ie vytvorili vedeck\u00ed pracovn\u00edci na vermontskej univerzite (University of Vermont).<\/p>\n<p>Takzvan\u00fd xenobot m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 prv\u00fdm krokom \u013eudstva vo v\u00fdrobe \u017eiv\u00fdch robotov, ako si to vo svojej nad\u010dasovej divadelnej hre R.U.R. predstavoval Karel \u010capek. Pr\u00e1ve on vymyslel slovo <em>robot<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 nesk\u00f4r prebrali sn\u00e1\u010f v\u0161etky jazyky sveta. N rozdiel od t\u00fdch s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch boli roboty od \u010capka e\u0161te vytvoren\u00e9 zo \u017eivej hmoty &#8211; v prvej polovici 20. storo\u010dia si toti\u017e e\u0161te nevedel predstavi\u0165 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, ktor\u00e9 by riadili elektromotory a hydraulick\u00e9 zariadenia pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v dne\u0161n\u00fdch robotoch. Teraz sa karta obracia pr\u00e1ve v prospech \u010capka.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00edm vedcov z University of Vermont skuto\u010dne vytvoril <strong>xenobota<\/strong>, teda robota zo \u017eiv\u00fdch buniek, pri\u010dom sa nejedn\u00e1 o \u017eiadne zav\u00e1dzanie. Xenobot je ve\u013emi primit\u00edvny a pr\u00e1ve to z neho rob\u00ed senz\u00e1ciu. Eventu\u00e1lne ho je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1lova\u0165 a na jeho funk\u010dnos\u0165 nie s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 extern\u00e9 zdroje alebo riadiace jednotky.<\/p>\n<p>Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou nezn\u00e1mou zatia\u013e ost\u00e1va pos\u00fadenie, \u010di sa jedn\u00e1 o \u017eiv\u00e9ho tvora alebo nie. Pod\u013ea slov marketingov\u00e9ho oddelenia vermontskej univerzity je to <strong>celkom nov\u00fd druh organizmu<\/strong>. Nie je to konven\u010dn\u00fd ne\u017eiv\u00fd robot vyroben\u00fd z umel\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, ale ani nov\u00fd druh zviera\u0165a. Je \u017eiv\u00fd, ale nie tak, ako \u017eivot vn\u00edmame dnes. \u00dadajne je to <strong>\u017eiv\u00fd programovate\u013en\u00fd organizmus<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Napriek tomu, \u017ee samotn\u00e9 organizmy vyzeraj\u00fa a spr\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa jednoducho, v\u00fdroba \u017eiv\u00fdch robotov nie je v \u017eiadnom pr\u00edpade trivi\u00e1lnou z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165ou. Vytv\u00e1ranie ich tvaru pre n\u00e1s zatia\u013e nepredstavite\u013en\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom zabezpe\u010duje v\u00fdkonn\u00fd superpo\u010d\u00edta\u010d, ktor\u00fd jednotliv\u00e9 bunky sklad\u00e1 podobne ako kocky lega. Vyn\u00e1jdenou metodikou je mo\u017en\u00e9 docieli\u0165, aby sa tieto cielene vyformovan\u00e9 zhluky buniek zo \u017eaby spr\u00e1vali pod\u013ea vopred stanoven\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu (programu). Dok\u00e1\u017eu sa napr\u00edklad sformova\u0165 do podoby obalu, ktor\u00fd zabezpe\u010d\u00ed presun in\u00e9ho hmotn\u00e9ho objektu.<\/p>\n<p>Tieto zhluky obsahuj\u00fa 500 a\u017e 1 000 \u017eiv\u00fdch buniek, ktor\u00e9 vedci z\u00edskali zo \u017eiab.<\/p>\n<p>Vyhliadky vyu\u017eite\u013enosti xenobotov s\u00fa ve\u013ekolep\u00e9, ale t\u00edm vedcov sa zatia\u013e s\u00fastre\u010fuje na jednoduch\u0161ie o\u010dak\u00e1vania. Namiesto budovania \u013eudsk\u00fdch robotov v \u0161t\u00fdle hry R.U.R. do \u00favahy prich\u00e1dza napr\u00edklad zbieranie plastov\u00e9ho odpadu v oce\u00e1noch, odchyt\u00e1vanie parazitov v \u013eudskom tele \u010di prieskum r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvnej kontamin\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n<p>Zauj\u00edmavos\u0165ou je aj to, \u017ee bunky na svoju \u010dinnos\u0165 nepotrebuj\u00fa \u017eiadne konven\u010dn\u00e9 nap\u00e1janie, napr\u00edklad elektrinou. Energiu na svoju \u010dinnos\u0165 si nosia priamo v sebe v podobe prirodzen\u00fdch prote\u00ednov a lipidov. \u00dadajne sa vedia takto do\u017e\u00edva\u0165 a\u017e t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;<em>Ke\u010f sa pozrieme na bunky, z ktor\u00fdch sme stavali na\u0161e xenoboty, genomicky s\u00fa to \u017eaby. Je to stopercentn\u00e1 \u017eabia DNA &#8211; ale pritom to \u017eaba nie je.<\/em>&#8220; povedal biol\u00f3g Michael Levin z Tufts University k t\u00e9me \u017eiv\u00fdch robotov z vermontskej univerzity.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aQRBCCjaYGE\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\"><\/span><\/iframe><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vermontsk\u00e1 univerzita si na svoje konto prip\u00edsala svetov\u00e9 prvenstvo &#8211; v\u00fdrobu \u201erobota\u201c vyroben\u00e9ho zo \u017eiv\u00fdch buniek. Bud\u00facnos\u0165 tohto vyn\u00e1lezu povzbudzuje divok\u00e9 \u0161pekul\u00e1cie.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6371","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6371"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6371\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}