{"id":6414,"date":"2022-11-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-11T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/preco-je-tak-tazke-vyliecit-rakovinu\/"},"modified":"2022-11-12T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-11-11T23:00:00","slug":"preco-je-tak-tazke-vyliecit-rakovinu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/preco-je-tak-tazke-vyliecit-rakovinu\/","title":{"rendered":"Pre\u010do je tak \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 vylie\u010di\u0165 rakovinu a ako vlastne funguje?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Ve\u013emi v\u00e1\u017ena t\u00e9ma, ku ktorej je potrebn\u00e9 pristupova\u0165 zodpovedne, racion\u00e1lne a s oh\u013eadom na to, \u017ee trpiacimi nie s\u00fa \u010d\u00edsla a \u0161tatistiky, ale re\u00e1lni \u013eudia. Pre\u010do je tak \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 vylie\u010di\u0165 rakovinu? Mnoh\u00ed sa domnievaj\u00fa, \u017ee spo\u013eahliv\u00e9 univerz\u00e1lne lieky existuj\u00fa, ale z\u00e1merne nie s\u00fa spr\u00edstupnen\u00e9. Len\u017ee cel\u00e1 problematika je pr\u00edli\u0161 komplexn\u00e1 a n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, aby sa dala vec takto jednoducho zhodnoti\u0165.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div data-offset-key=\"4slsp-0-0\"><\/div>\n<div data-offset-key=\"4slsp-0-0\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>Pre\u010do je tak \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 vylie\u010di\u0165 rakovinu? D\u00e1vame na v\u00fdskum rakoviny st\u00e1le pr\u00edli\u0161 m\u00e1lo pe\u0148az\u00ed? Alebo je probl\u00e9m niekde \u00faplne inde?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Skrotili sme elektrinu, zostavili \u013eudsk\u00fd gen\u00f3m, zastavili \u0161\u00edrenie kiahn\u00ed. Ale po miliard\u00e1ch eur a dol\u00e1rov investovan\u00fdch do lie\u010dby a v\u00fdvoja liekov na rakovinu dnes t\u00e1to choroba su\u017euje viac ako 14 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed a ich rod\u00edn naprie\u010d cel\u00fdm svetom.\u00a0 Azda ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s pozn\u00e1 niekoho, kto na rakovinu zomrel, kto \u0148ou trp\u00ed, pr\u00edpadne \u0148ou trp\u00edme pr\u00e1ve my.<\/p>\n<p>Rakovina vznik\u00e1, ke\u010f norm\u00e1lne bunky nahromadia mut\u00e1cie.\u00a0 V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou m\u00f4\u017eu bunky zamera\u0165 mut\u00e1cie alebo po\u0161kodenie DNA a bu\u010f ich opravi\u0165 alebo sa sami zni\u010di\u0165. Len\u017ee niektor\u00e9 mut\u00e1cie umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa neriaden\u00fd rast, nap\u00e1danie bl\u00edzkych tkan\u00edv a metast\u00e1zovanie do vzdialen\u00fdch org\u00e1nov.<\/p>\n<p>Rakovina sa st\u00e1va takmer nelie\u010dite\u013enou, akon\u00e1hle metast\u00e1zuje.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Rakovina je neuverite\u013ene zlo\u017eit\u00e1 a nejedn\u00e1 sa o jedno definit\u00edvne ochorenie. Existuje viac ako sto r\u00f4znych typov a <strong>dnes neexistuje k\u00fazeln\u00fd univerz\u00e1lny liek, ktor\u00fd by ich v\u0161etky vylie\u010dil<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina rakov\u00edn sa lie\u010di kombin\u00e1ciou chirurgick\u00e9ho odstr\u00e1nenia n\u00e1doru, o\u017earovania a chemoterapie, ktor\u00e9 zab\u00edjaj\u00fa zvy\u0161ok rakovinov\u00fdch buniek. Hormon\u00e1lna terapia, imunoterapia a cielen\u00e9 lie\u010dby prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9 ur\u010dit\u00e9mu druhu rakoviny sa tie\u017e niekedy pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n<p>V mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch s\u00fa to lie\u010dby \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9, teda pacient sa v\u010faka nim z rakoviny vylie\u010di. Rozhodne v\u0161ak nie s\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 na sto percent, ako by sme to chceli.<\/p>\n<p>\u010co teda robi\u0165, aby sme kone\u010dne na\u0161li jeden univerz\u00e1lny a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd liek na v\u0161etky r\u00f4zne formy rakoviny? Za\u010d\u00edname ch\u00e1pa\u0165 nieko\u013eko probl\u00e9mov, ktor\u00e9 by vedci museli vyrie\u0161i\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>V prvom rade potrebujeme nov\u00e9 a lep\u0161ie sp\u00f4soby samotn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu rakoviny. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina experimetn\u00e1lnej lie\u010dby rakoviny sa vyv\u00edja v laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1ch, kde sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa kult\u00fary z \u013eudsk\u00fdch n\u00e1dorov. Kultivovan\u00e9 bunky n\u00e1m poskytli z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 postrehy o genetike a biol\u00f3gii rakoviny, ale ch\u00fdbala im zlo\u017eitos\u0165 n\u00e1doru v skuto\u010dnom \u017eivom organizme.<\/p>\n<p>Je be\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee nov\u00e9 lieky, ktor\u00e9 na t\u00fdchto laborat\u00f3rnych bunk\u00e1ch funguj\u00fa, napokon v klinick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch so skuto\u010dn\u00fdmi pacientmi zlyhaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n<p>Zlo\u017eitos\u0165 agres\u00edvnych n\u00e1dorov je tie\u017e dan\u00e1 t\u00fdm, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 viac popul\u00e1ci\u00ed mierne odli\u0161n\u00fdch rakovinov\u00fdch buniek. V priebehu \u010dasu sa odli\u0161n\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 mut\u00e1cie nahromadia v r\u00f4znych \u010dastiach n\u00e1doru, kv\u00f4li \u010domu vznikaj\u00fa jedine\u010dn\u00e9 subklony.<\/p>\n<p>Napr\u00edklad agres\u00edvne mozgov\u00e9 n\u00e1dory, volan\u00e9 glioblastomy, m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 u jedn\u00e9ho pacienta a\u017e \u0161es\u0165 r\u00f4znych subklonov.\u00a0 Hovor\u00ed sa tomu klon\u00e1lna heterogenita a lie\u010dba je o to n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ia, \u017ee liek, ktor\u00fd funguje na jeden subklon, nemus\u00ed ma\u0165 \u017eiadny vplyv na druh\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>A je tu aj \u010fal\u0161ia v\u00fdzva. N\u00e1dor samotn\u00fd je dynamick\u00fd a vz\u00e1jomne prepojen\u00fd ekosyst\u00e9m, v ktorom rakovinov\u00e9 bunky neust\u00e1le komunikuj\u00fa medzi sebou a s bl\u00edzkymi zdrav\u00fdmi bunkami. M\u00f4\u017eu norm\u00e1lne bunky prin\u00fati\u0165, aby tvorili cievy, ktor\u00e9 k\u0155mia n\u00e1dor a odstra\u0148uj\u00fa odpadov\u00e9 produkty. M\u00f4\u017eu tie\u017e interagova\u0165 s imunitn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom a potla\u010di\u0165 jeho funkciu, \u010do mu zabr\u00e1ni rakovinu rozpozna\u0165 alebo zni\u010di\u0165. Ak by sme zistili ako vypn\u00fa\u0165 toto komunika\u010dn\u00e9 spojenie, mali by sme lep\u0161iu \u0161ancu na trval\u00e9 zni\u010denie n\u00e1doru.<\/p>\n<p>Hromadiace sa d\u00f4kazy naviac nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee budeme musie\u0165 pr\u00eds\u0165 na to, ako z tela dosta\u0165 samotn\u00e9 rakovinov\u00e9 kme\u0148ov\u00e9 bunky. S\u00fa vz\u00e1cne, ale maj\u00fa zvl\u00e1\u0161tne vlastnosti, kv\u00f4li ktor\u00fdm s\u00fa odoln\u00e9 pred chemoterapiou i o\u017earovan\u00edm. Hoci sa behom lie\u010dby n\u00e1dor zmen\u0161\u00ed na nedetekovate\u013en\u00fa ve\u013ekos\u0165, jedin\u00e1 zbytkov\u00e1 rakovinov\u00e1 bunka by mohla by\u0165 p\u00f4vodcom rastu nov\u00e9ho n\u00e1doru.<\/p>\n<p>Vedie\u0165 sa zamera\u0165 na tieto odoln\u00e9 bunky by mohlo zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 n\u00e1vratu rakoviny.<\/p>\n<p>Len\u017ee cel\u00e1 problematika okolo rakoviny je e\u0161te omnoho v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia a komplexnej\u0161ia. Aj keby sme vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9 probl\u00e9my vyrie\u0161ili, mohli by sme \u010deli\u0165 \u00faplne nov\u00fdm.\u00a0 N\u00e1dorov\u00e9 bunky s\u00fa majstri adapt\u00e1cie, preto\u017ee prisp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa svoje molekul\u00e1rne a bunkov\u00e9 rysy tak, aby pre\u017eili aj pod tlakom. Ke\u010f s\u00fa bombardovan\u00e9 radi\u00e1ciou alebo chemoterapiou, m\u00f4\u017eu niektor\u00e9 rakovinov\u00e9 bunky zapn\u00fa\u0165 pomyslen\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 \u0161t\u00edty\u00a0 proti tomu, \u010do na nich pr\u00e1ve \u00fato\u010d\u00ed a fakticky tak zmeni\u0165 svoju g\u00e9nov\u00fa expresiu.<\/p>\n<p>Malign\u00e9 (zhubn\u00e9) n\u00e1dory s\u00fa zlo\u017eit\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 sa neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa a prisp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa. Mus\u00edme n\u00e1js\u0165 experiment\u00e1lne syst\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 zodpovedaj\u00fa ich zlo\u017eitosti a mo\u017enosti monitorovania lie\u010dby, ktor\u00e9 sa prisp\u00f4sobia zmen\u00e1m rakoviny.<\/p>\n<p>Dobrou spr\u00e1vou je, \u017ee pokroky sa dej\u00fa. Napriek tomu, \u017ee st\u00e1le toho ve\u013ea nevieme, priemern\u00e1 \u00famrtnos\u0165 z v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny druhov rakoviny od 70. rokov 20. storo\u010dia v\u00fdrazne klesla. A st\u00e1le kles\u00e1. Ka\u017ed\u00fdm d\u0148om vedeck\u00ed pracovn\u00edci nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa nov\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u010fal\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1strojom v lek\u00e1rskom arzen\u00e1li v boji proti rakovine.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h3><em>Hist\u00f3ria sa opakuje, ale veda pretrv\u00e1va.<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&#8211; to je cit\u00e1t z knihy ocenenej Pulitzerovou cenou <em>Vl\u00e1dky\u0148a v\u0161etk\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed: Pr\u00edbeh rakoviny<\/em>. Odpor\u00fa\u010dame v\u00e1m pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165 alebo vypo\u010du\u0165 si t\u00fato knihu.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00e1vame na v\u00fdskum rakoviny st\u00e1le pr\u00edli\u0161 m\u00e1lo pe\u0148az\u00ed? Alebo je probl\u00e9m niekde \u00faplne inde?<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6414","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6414"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6414\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6414"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6414"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6414"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}