{"id":6495,"date":"2020-04-22T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-21T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/ako-sa-vyvijala-populacia-ludi-na-zemi-drvivu-vacsinu-casu-nas-bol-iba-milion\/"},"modified":"2020-04-22T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2020-04-21T23:00:00","slug":"ako-sa-vyvijala-populacia-ludi-na-zemi-drvivu-vacsinu-casu-nas-bol-iba-milion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/ako-sa-vyvijala-populacia-ludi-na-zemi-drvivu-vacsinu-casu-nas-bol-iba-milion\/","title":{"rendered":"Ako sa vyv\u00edjala popul\u00e1cia \u013eud\u00ed na Zemi? Drviv\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu \u010dasu n\u00e1s bol iba mili\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ak m\u00e1te dojem, \u017ee aktu\u00e1lna pand\u00e9mia koronav\u00edrusu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pr\u00e1ve t\u00fdm o\u010distom, ktor\u00fd \u00fadajne z \u010dasu na \u010das postihuje \u013eudstvo, aby sa jeho popul\u00e1cia zmen\u0161ila, vedzte, \u017ee a\u017e tak zl\u00e9 to rozhodne nie je. Aby sme to pochopili, mus\u00edme sa pozrie\u0165 na v\u00fdvoj popul\u00e1cia \u013eudstva od jeho za\u010diatku.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>200 000 rokov dozadu a potom dlho stagn\u00e1cia<\/h3>\n<p>Modern\u00ed \u013eudia sa na Zemi za\u010dali vyskytova\u0165 pred asi iba 200-tis\u00edc rokmi a pred stotis\u00edc rokmi za\u010dali migrova\u0165 po plan\u00e9te. Ve\u013emi dlh\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek v\u0161ak celkov\u00e1 svetov\u00e1 popul\u00e1cia \u013eudstva pretrv\u00e1vala pomerne n\u00edzka, asi iba jeden mili\u00f3n \u013eud\u00ed na celej plan\u00e9te. D\u00f4vody, pre\u010do sa popul\u00e1cia nerozrastala, spo\u010d\u00edvali predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v relat\u00edvnej ve\u013ekej citlivosti na prostredie, kr\u00e1tka priemern\u00e1 doba \u017eivota, n\u00edzka p\u00f4rodnos\u0165 a m\u00e1lo potomstva v priebehu \u017eivota jednej matky. Prostredie bolo nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a \u013eudia mali iba m\u00e1lo pr\u00edle\u017eitosti vyhr\u00e1va\u0165 priame s\u00faboje so zvieratami, preto\u017ee okrem primit\u00edvnych n\u00e1strojov nemali \u017eiadne panciere, paz\u00fare, ve\u013ek\u00e9 zuby alebo in\u00e9 fyziologick\u00e9 v\u00fdhody.<\/p>\n<p>Zmena za\u010d\u00ednala nast\u00e1va\u0165 niekedy okolo roku 11 000 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom, ke\u010f \u013eudstvo za\u010dalo s primit\u00edvnym po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvom. Dopestov\u00e1vanie vlastn\u00fdch plod\u00edn umo\u017enilo z\u00edskava\u0165 ob\u017eivu aj inak ako lovom, \u010do postupne zlep\u0161ovalo nie\u010do, \u010do by sme dnes nazvali \u017eivotnou \u00farov\u0148ou.<\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00edch vy\u0161e desa\u0165tis\u00edc rokov sa ale krivka popul\u00e1cie st\u00e1le nedostala vy\u0161\u0161ie ako nieko\u013eko mili\u00f3nov jedincov.<\/p>\n<p>Obrovsk\u00e1 zmena nastala pribli\u017ene od roku 3 000 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom, ke\u010f \u013eudstvo za\u010dalo r\u00e1s\u0165 dovtedy nev\u00eddane. Odhaduje sa, \u017ee v roku jedna \u017eilo na svete u\u017e 170 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed a odvtedy hist\u00f3ria sleduje prakticky nepretr\u017eit\u00fd rast.<\/p>\n<p>V tomto obdob\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 naz\u00fdvajme zjednodu\u0161ene \u201erok jedna\u201c, sa \u013eudia vyskytovali predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v oblastiach s\u00fa\u010dasnej \u010c\u00edny, severnej Indie, \u010falej v Eur\u00f3pe, na Bl\u00edzkom v\u00fdchode a tie\u017e v Strednej Amerike. Video ni\u017e\u0161ie ako miesta v\u00fdskytu uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa aj niektor\u00e9 oblasti Afriky, Severnej Ameriky, ale aj tak\u00fd dne\u0161n\u00fd Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land.<\/p>\n<p>V oblasti \u010c\u00edny sa u\u017e okolo roku jedna hovor\u00ed o dynastii Han, v Eur\u00f3pe sme mali Starovek\u00fd R\u00edm (753 pred Kr. \u2013 476) a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj popul\u00e1cie podnietil vznik a rozvoj takzvanej Hodv\u00e1bnej cesty, ktor\u00e1 sp\u00e1jala \u010c\u00ednu s R\u00edmskou r\u00ed\u0161ou a Byzantskou r\u00ed\u0161ou. Od 2. storo\u010dia pred Kr. sa jej prostredn\u00edctvom dostalo do Eur\u00f3py mnoho \u010d\u00ednskych technick\u00fdch vyn\u00e1lezov, ako papier, hodv\u00e1b \u010di porcel\u00e1n. Zauj\u00edmavos\u0165ou je, \u017ee v \u010dase, ke\u010f obchodn\u00edci vyu\u017e\u00edvali Hodv\u00e1bnu cestu, jej takto rozhodne nehovorili. Tento v\u00fdraz vymyslel a\u017e nemeck\u00fd zemepisec bar\u00f3n Ferdinand von Richthofen v roku 1877 (zdroj).<\/p>\n<p>Po\u010das n\u00e1\u0161ho letopo\u010dtu, <em>teda po Kristovi<\/em>, vyzeral v\u00fdvoj popul\u00e1cie \u013eudstva nasledovne:<\/p>\n<p>M\u00f4\u017eeme sledova\u0165, \u017ee \u00farove\u0148 popul\u00e1cie za\u010dala prudko r\u00e1s\u0165 koncom 20. storo\u010dia, najm\u00e4 po roku 1800. Ak\u00e9 boli d\u00f4vody tohto rastu? Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm spo\u010d\u00edvali v raste miest, v raste \u017eivotnej \u00farovne, vo zvy\u0161ovan\u00ed priemern\u00e9ho veku do\u017eitia a tie\u017e v tom, \u017ee rodiny mali viac det\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee k\u00fdm \u013eudstvo dosiahlo popul\u00e1ciu jednu miliardu, trvalo to 200-tis\u00edc rokov. Potom v\u0161ak popul\u00e1ciu 7 mili\u00e1rd \u013eud\u00ed dosiahlo v priebehu 200 rokov.<\/p>\n<p>V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti na svete \u017eije viac ako 7 mili\u00e1rd \u013eud\u00ed a odhaduje sa, \u017ee v roku 2050 to bude u\u017e 9,5 miliardy. V roku 2100 by pod\u013ea s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoja malo na svete \u017ei\u0165 11 mili\u00e1rd \u013eud\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00fdvoj popul\u00e1cie \u013eudstva na Zemi od American Museum of Natural History:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Human Population Through Time #datavisualization\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/PUwmA3Q0_OE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Ak\u00fd vplyv mali na v\u00fdvoj popul\u00e1cie ve\u013ek\u00e9 katastrofy a pand\u00e9mie?<\/h3>\n<p>Pod\u013ea vedcov zo Stanfordovej univerzity, Princetonu a Berkeley na\u0161a plan\u00e9ta za\u017eila 5 ve\u013ek\u00fdch vymieran\u00ed druhov a v roku 2015 vy\u0161la spr\u00e1va, \u017ee mo\u017eno \u017eijeme na pokraji toho \u0161iesteho (zdroj). Toto vymieranie sa s\u00edce t\u00fdka predov\u0161etk\u00fdm zvierat, z \u010dasti t\u00fdch, ktor\u00e9 trpia na zmeny sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u010dlovekom, ale m\u00f4\u017ee sa v bud\u00facnosti vraj jedna\u0165 aj o \u013eudstvo samotn\u00e9.\u00a0 Pr\u00ed\u010dinami tohto deja s\u00fa klimatick\u00e9 zmeny, odles\u0148ovanie a zne\u010dis\u0165ovanie \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia<\/p>\n<p>K posledn\u00e9mu ve\u013ek\u00e9mu vymieraniu druhov pri\u0161lo pred pribli\u017ene 65 mili\u00f3nmi rokmi, pravdepodobne vinou dopadu meteoritu a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdmi glob\u00e1lnymi klimatick\u00fdmi zmenami. V priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch gener\u00e1ci\u00ed vymreli dinosauri, ale aj preva\u017en\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 in\u00fdch druhov zvierat \u017eij\u00facich na s\u00fa\u0161i. Ako schopn\u00e9 prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 sa nov\u00fdm podmienkam sa uk\u00e1zali cicavce a pod morskou hladinou prebiehala evol\u00facia zna\u010dne odli\u0161ne ako na s\u00fa\u0161i.<\/p>\n<p>Ve\u013ek\u00e9 vymierania druhov sa teda zatia\u013e net\u00fdkali \u013eud\u00ed, ako ale na popul\u00e1ciu vn\u00edmali ve\u013ek\u00e9 katastrofy, choroby a vojny? Ak ide o vojnov\u00e9 konflikty a ich vplyv na rast popul\u00e1cie, tejto t\u00e9me sme sa u\u017e v minulosti venovali v samostatnom \u010dl\u00e1nku na <strong>UnitedLife.sk: Ako ovplyvnili najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie konflikty \u013eudstva rast popul\u00e1cie? Rozhodne v\u00e1m odpor\u00fa\u010dame tento \u010dl\u00e1nok pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pokia\u013e sa jedn\u00e1 o choroby, uva\u017eujme o t\u00fdch pandemick\u00fdch, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa potenci\u00e1l ovplyvni\u0165 celkov\u00fd v\u00fdvoj popul\u00e1cie:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie pand\u00e9mie v dejin\u00e1ch<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u010dierna smr\u0165 (1347 \u2013 1352)<\/strong> \u2013 Epid\u00e9mia moru roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1 po celej Eur\u00f3pe, odhaduje sa \u017ee zomrelo asi 25 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed, \u010do bola tretina vtedaj\u0161ieho eur\u00f3pskeho obyvate\u013estva.<br \/>\n<strong>\u0161panielska chr\u00edpka (1918 \u2013 1920)<\/strong> \u2013 celosvetov\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edrenie, 500 mili\u00f3nov chor\u00fdch, 20 a\u017e 50 mili\u00f3nov obet\u00ed (50 mili\u00f3nov pod\u013ea Nature, Vol 429, 27. m\u00e1ja 2004). V prvom roku pand\u00e9mie klesla priemern\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eka \u017eivota v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch pribli\u017ene o 12 rokov, obe\u0165ami boli nezvy\u010dajne aj zdrav\u00ed mlad\u00ed dospel\u00ed.<br \/>\n<strong>\u00e1zijsk\u00e1 chr\u00edpka (1957)<\/strong> \u2013 1 mili\u00f3n obet\u00ed.<br \/>\n<strong>hongkonsk\u00e1 chr\u00edpka (1968) \u2013<\/strong> 700 000 obet\u00ed.<br \/>\n<strong>HIV<\/strong> (od asi 1980, st\u00e1le trv\u00e1) \u2013 celosvetov\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edrenie, 20 mili\u00f3nov obet\u00ed, 40 mili\u00f3nov infikovan\u00fdch (do konca roka 2003 pod\u013ea WHO).<\/p>\n<p>Z uveden\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee najhor\u0161ou pand\u00e9miou bola \u0161panielska chr\u00edpka, ktor\u00e1 prepukla po\u010das prvej svetovej vojny, ale jej preva\u017en\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 sa odohrala a\u017e po vojne. Ak by platil \u00fadaj, \u017ee chr\u00edpka sp\u00f4sobila smr\u0165 50 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed a v roku 1918 \u017eilo na svete nie\u010do medzi 1,793 mld (1913 pod\u013ea Maddison, 2008) a 1,863 mld \u013eu\u010fmi (1920 pod\u013ea Maddison, 2008), jednalo by sa v hor\u0161om pr\u00edpade o 2,7% celosvetovej popul\u00e1cie. To je mimoriadne vysok\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo.<\/p>\n<p>V minulosti v\u0161ak na svete \u017eilo nepomerne menej \u013eud\u00ed ako v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed, tak\u017ee hoci pand\u00e9mie sp\u00f4sobili men\u0161ie straty na \u017eivotoch, v pomere k celkov\u00e9mu obyvate\u013estvu Zeme sa jednalo o hrozivej\u0161ie \u010d\u00edsla. Na takzvan\u00fa \u010diernu smr\u0165 vymrela a\u017e tretina eur\u00f3pskej popul\u00e1cie, a to je obdobie e\u0161te pred objaven\u00edm a os\u00eddlen\u00edm Ameriky Eur\u00f3panmi. 25 mili\u00f3nov m\u0155tvych znamenalo v prvej polovici 14. storo\u010dia s celosvetovou popul\u00e1ciou iba 392 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed a\u017e 6,3 percenta. Teda <strong>na d\u00f4sledky \u010diernej smrti zomrel ka\u017ed\u00fd \u0161estn\u00e1sty \u010dlovek na plan\u00e9te<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Keby sme uva\u017eovali nad t\u00fdm, \u017ee by dnes z tohto d\u00f4vodu vymrelo 6,3 percenta popul\u00e1cie, hovorili by sme o 478 mili\u00f3noch m\u0155tvych.<\/p>\n<p>Dodnes (22.4.2020) na d\u00f4sledky nov\u00e9ho koronav\u00edrusu COVID-19 zomrelo 178 845 \u013eud\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"D1YXOaPGsA\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unitedlife.sk\/ako-ovplyvnili-najvacsie-konflikty-ludstva-rast-populacie\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ako ovplyvnili najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie konflikty \u013eudstva rast popul\u00e1cie?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Ako ovplyvnili najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie konflikty \u013eudstva rast popul\u00e1cie?&#8221; &#8212; UnitedLife\" src=\"https:\/\/www.unitedlife.sk\/ako-ovplyvnili-najvacsie-konflikty-ludstva-rast-populacie\/embed\/#?secret=feYIo26r93#?secret=D1YXOaPGsA\" data-secret=\"D1YXOaPGsA\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ako r\u00e1stla popul\u00e1cia \u013eudstva a ako na \u0148u vpl\u00fdvali najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie pand\u00e9mie chor\u00f4b v hist\u00f3rii?<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6495","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6495","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6495"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6495\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6495"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6495"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6495"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}