{"id":6647,"date":"2020-11-11T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-10T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/je-lepsie-sadit-stromy-alebo-nechat-lesy-opat-prirodzene-vyrast\/"},"modified":"2020-11-11T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2020-11-10T23:00:00","slug":"je-lepsie-sadit-stromy-alebo-nechat-lesy-opat-prirodzene-vyrast","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/je-lepsie-sadit-stromy-alebo-nechat-lesy-opat-prirodzene-vyrast\/","title":{"rendered":"Je lep\u0161ie sadi\u0165 stromy alebo necha\u0165 lesy op\u00e4\u0165 vyr\u00e1s\u0165 prirodzene? V\u00fdsadba nemus\u00ed by\u0165 v\u017edy najlep\u0161\u00edm rie\u0161en\u00edm"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u24d8 Pracujeme iba s d\u00f4veryhodn\u00fdmi zdrojmi:\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Wired, Yale Environment 360, ClimateDesk a MinuteEarth<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ke\u010f Susan Cook-Pattonov\u00e1 pred siedmimi rokmi robila postdoktoranda po\u010das obnovy lesa v Smithsonianovom environment\u00e1lnom v\u00fdskumnom centre v Marylande, povedala, \u017ee pomohla vysadi\u0165 20 000 stromov pozd\u013a\u017e z\u00e1livu Chesapeake Bay. Bola to pre \u0148u mimoriadna lekcia z praxe. \u201eNajlep\u0161ie r\u00e1stli najm\u00e4 tie, ktor\u00e9 sme nezasadili<\/em>,\u201c spom\u00edna si. „Len prirodzene r\u00e1stli na zemi, ktor\u00fa sme si vyhradili na v\u00fdsadbu<\/em>… Bola to dobr\u00e1 pripomienka, \u017ee pr\u00edroda vie, \u010do rob\u00ed.<\/em> "<\/p>\n

\u010co plat\u00ed pre z\u00e1liv Chesapeake Bay, pravdepodobne funguje aj na mnoh\u00fdch in\u00fdch miestach, hovor\u00ed Cook-Pattonov\u00e1. Z\u00e1liv je v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti chr\u00e1nen\u00fdm pr\u00edrodn\u00fdm prostred\u00edm. Niekedy jednoducho mus\u00edme da\u0165 pr\u00edrode priestor na prirodzen\u00fd rast.\u00a0Jej z\u00e1ver prich\u00e1dza po novej glob\u00e1lnej \u0161t\u00fadii, ktor\u00e1 zis\u0165uje, \u017ee potenci\u00e1l pre prirodzen\u00fd op\u00e4tovn\u00fd rast lesov schopn\u00fdch absorbova\u0165 oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd a bojova\u0165 proti zmene podnebia bol v\u00e1\u017ene podcenen\u00fd.<\/p>\n

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\n Ukazuje sa, \u017ee viac ako umelo vysaden\u00fd les sa lep\u0161ie dar\u00ed tomu, ktor\u00fd je bohat\u00fd na biodiverzitu. Ani sadenie stromov v\u0161ak nie je m\u00e1rne, treba len lep\u0161ie vedie\u0165, kde lesu pom\u00f4c\u0165 a kde si vie pom\u00f4c\u0165 s\u00e1m.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

V\u00fdsadba stromov je aktu\u00e1lne m\u00f3dna z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165. Tohtoro\u010dn\u00e9 Svetov\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 f\u00f3rum vo \u0161vaj\u010diarskom Davose vyzvalo svet, aby vysadil bili\u00f3n stromov. To nie je preklep, bili\u00f3n stromov, anglicky trillion.<\/em> V r\u00e1mci jednej z m\u00e1la akci\u00ed zameran\u00fdch na rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov podnebia vl\u00e1da USA – s podporou firiem a neziskov\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed, ako s\u00fa napr\u00edklad americk\u00e9 lesy – minul\u00fd mesiac\u00a0pris\u013e\u00fabila, \u017ee prispeje takmer miliardou z nich – presnej\u0161ie 855 mili\u00f3nov – odhadom sa tak obnov\u00ed asi 1,2 mili\u00f3na hekt\u00e1rov lesov.<\/p>\n

Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania tento rok pris\u013e\u00fabila v r\u00e1mci Zelenej dohody \u010fal\u0161ie 3 miliardy stromov;\u00a0a existuj\u00face svetov\u00e9 s\u013euby v r\u00e1mci Bonn Challenge 2011 a Par\u00ed\u017eskej klimatickej dohody z roku 2015 stanovili ciele na obnovu viac ako 343 mili\u00f3nov hekt\u00e1rov lesov, hlavne v\u00fdsadbou. Je to oblas\u0165 o nie\u010do v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia ako India.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsadba sa\u00a0v\u0161eobecne pova\u017euje za z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov s podneb\u00edm v nasleduj\u00facich troch desa\u0165ro\u010diach, ke\u010f svet pracuje na dosiahnut\u00ed hospod\u00e1rstva s nulov\u00fdmi emisiami uhl\u00edka. Existuje v\u0161ak aj in\u00fd poh\u013ead na vec.<\/p>\n

Nikto neodsudzuje stromy.\u00a0Niektor\u00ed kritici v\u0161ak tvrdia, \u017ee agres\u00edvna snaha o dosiahnutie cie\u013eov v\u00fdsadby nemus\u00ed by\u0165 nutn\u00e1, dokonca m\u00f4\u017ee za ur\u010dit\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed aj \u0161kodi\u0165. Vyhradi\u0165 mili\u00f3ny hekt\u00e1rov monokult\u00farnymi plant\u00e1\u017eami nieko\u013ek\u00fdch r\u00fdchlo rast\u00facich a \u010dasto nep\u00f4vodn\u00fdch druhov, ako s\u00fa ak\u00e1cia, eukalyptus a borovica m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 opak toho, \u010do by spravila sama pr\u00edroda.<\/p>\n

In\u00ed sa p\u00fdtaj\u00fa: Pre\u010do v\u00f4bec sadi\u0165, ke\u010f m\u00f4\u017eeme \u010dasto jednoducho necha\u0165 p\u00f4du pre bl\u00edzke lesy namiesto toho, aby sme ich kolonizovali v\u00fdsadbou? Pr\u00edroda vie, \u010do m\u00e1 pestova\u0165 a rob\u00ed to najlep\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia od Cook-Pattonovej publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise\u00a0Nature<\/em> so spoluautorstvom v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov zo 17 akademick\u00fdch a environment\u00e1lnych organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee odhady miery akumul\u00e1cie uhl\u00edka v d\u00f4sledku prirodzen\u00e9ho op\u00e4tovn\u00e9ho rastu lesov, ktor\u00e9 v minulom roku schv\u00e1lil Medzivl\u00e1dny panel OSN pre zmenu podnebia, s\u00fa v priemere 32 percent. \u00dadajne je to pr\u00edli\u0161 n\u00edzka hodnota, ktor\u00e1 v pr\u00edpade tropick\u00fdch lesov st\u00fapa na 53 percent.<\/p>\n

\u0160t\u00fadia je zatia\u013e najpodrobnej\u0161\u00edm pokusom zmapova\u0165, kde by lesy mohli prirodzene r\u00e1s\u0165, a pos\u00fadi\u0165 potenci\u00e1l t\u00fdchto lesov akumulova\u0165 uhl\u00edk.\u00a0\u201ePozreli sme sa na takmer 11 000 meran\u00ed absorpcie uhl\u00edka z dorastaj\u00facich lesov, ktor\u00e9 sme namerali v pribli\u017ene 250 \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch po celom svete<\/em>,\u201c povedala Cook-Pattonov\u00e1 pre Yale Environment 360.<\/p>\n

Zistila, \u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 r\u00fdchlosti akumul\u00e1cie uhl\u00edka sa l\u00ed\u0161ia aj ston\u00e1sobne – v z\u00e1vislosti od podnebia, p\u00f4dy, nadmorskej v\u00fd\u0161ky a ter\u00e9nu. To je ove\u013ea viac, ako sa doteraz predpokladalo. Aj v r\u00e1mci kraj\u00edn existovali obrovsk\u00e9 rozdiely. \u0160t\u00fadia okrem toho, \u017ee poukazuje na d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 biodiverzity, uk\u00e1zala aj to, \u017ee prirodzen\u00e1 regener\u00e1cia dok\u00e1\u017ee zachyti\u0165 viac uhl\u00edka r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie ako plant\u00e1\u017ee.<\/p>\n

Cook-Patton s\u00fahlas\u00ed s t\u00fdm, \u017ee s t\u00fdm, ako bude v nadch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich desa\u0165ro\u010diach vyv\u00edja\u0165 zmena podnebia, bude sa meni\u0165 miera akumul\u00e1cie uhl\u00edka lesmi. Ale zatia\u013e \u010do niektor\u00e9 lesy bud\u00fa r\u00e1s\u0165 pomal\u0161ie alebo dokonca bud\u00fa odumiera\u0165, in\u00e9 pravdepodobne bud\u00fa r\u00e1s\u0165 r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie v\u010faka \u00fa\u010dinkom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho mno\u017estva oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho vo vzduchu, \u010do je jav, ktor\u00fd sa niekedy naz\u00fdva glob\u00e1lna ekologiz\u00e1cia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Dobrou spr\u00e1vou je, \u017ee prirodzen\u00e1 obnova lesov nevy\u017eaduje ni\u010d viac ako \u013eudsk\u00fa ne\u010dinnos\u0165. Pr\u00edroda neust\u00e1le pracuje na obnove lesov po k\u00faskoch a \u010dasto nepozorovane na okrajoch pol\u00ed, na opusten\u00fdch pastvin\u00e1ch, v krovinat\u00fdch kr\u00edkoch a v\u0161ade tam, kde s\u00fa pr\u00edrodou alebo \u013eu\u010fmi zdevastovan\u00e9 lesy alebo opusten\u00e9 lesn\u00e9 pozemky.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ako dok\u00e1\u017eu lesy pre\u017ei\u0165 zimu?<\/h2>\n

Z fos\u00edlnych pozostatkov vieme, \u017ee pred 250 mili\u00f3nmi rokmi na Zemi neexistoval \u017eiadny strom, ktor\u00fd by bol schopn\u00fd pre\u017ei\u0165 teploty pod nulou.<\/p>\n

V\u0161etky boli prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u017eivotu v tr\u00f3poch, kde je v\u017edy teplo, voda je v\u017edy kvapaln\u00e1 a listy s\u00fa po cel\u00fd rok v bezpe\u010d\u00ed pred mrazom.<\/p>\n

Keby ste vzali tropick\u00fd strom, \u010di u\u017e pravek\u00fd alebo s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd, a prepravili ho v zime na Sib\u00edr alebo do Patag\u00f3nie, voda by v \u0148om zamrzla do ostr\u00fdch \u013eadov\u00fdch kry\u0161t\u00e1likov, ktor\u00e9 by smrte\u013ene po\u0161kodili \u017eiv\u00e9 bunky v listoch.\u00a0 To ist\u00e9 sa stane so \u0161al\u00e1tom a \u0161pen\u00e1tom, ke\u010f zamrzn\u00fa.<\/p>\n

V chladnom po\u010das\u00ed tie\u017e zam\u0155za voda v cievnom syst\u00e9me a z plynov, ktor\u00e9 predt\u00fdm boli rozpusten\u00e9 vo vode, sa v \u013eade vytv\u00e1ra nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 bubliny. \u013dad s\u00e1m o sebe pr\u00edli\u0161 v\u017edy ne\u0161kod\u00ed. Ke\u010f ale sa roztop\u00ed, bubliny zostan\u00fa, \u010do je probl\u00e9m, preto\u017ee cel\u00fd cievny syst\u00e9m z\u00e1vis\u00ed na medzimolekul\u00e1rnej pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017elivosti molek\u00fal vody, ktor\u00e9 sa navz\u00e1jom \u0165ahaj\u00fa nahor proti gravit\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n

Bubliny vzduchu naru\u0161ia re\u0165azec molek\u00fal, \u010d\u00edm sa v podstate zastav\u00ed tok vody. Aby strom v chladnom po\u010das\u00ed pre\u017eil, mus\u00ed sa vyhn\u00fa\u0165 dvom veciam: bublin\u00e1m v cievach a po\u0161kodenia \u017eiv\u00fdch buniek kv\u00f4li \u013eadov\u00fdm kry\u0161t\u00e1likom.<\/p>\n

Stromy prv\u00fd probl\u00e9m vyrie\u0161ili e\u0161te sk\u00f4r, ne\u017e opustili tepl\u00e9 podnebie, preto\u017ee bubliny predstavuj\u00fa probl\u00e9m aj po\u010das sucha. Ke\u010f rastliny vynakladaj\u00fa viac \u00fasilia na to, aby dostali vodu zo zeme, ich cievy do seba m\u00f4\u017eu z okolit\u00e9ho pletiva omylom nasa\u0165 drobn\u00e9 vzduchov\u00e9 bublinky.<\/p>\n

Aby sa tomu u stromov v such\u00fdch tr\u00f3poch predi\u0161lo, vyvinuli sa u nich u\u017e\u0161ie cievy, v ktor\u00fdch, paradoxne, v\u010faka fyzike bubl\u00edn a vody, doch\u00e1dza k upchatiu bublinami menej \u010dasto ako v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edch cievach ich bratrancov z vlhk\u00fdch tr\u00f3pov. Cievy predkov stromov prisp\u00f4soben\u00fdch obdob\u00edm sucha preto boli omylom prisp\u00f4soben\u00e9 i chladu dlho predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e sa za\u010dali \u0161\u00edri\u0165 mimo tr\u00f3pov.<\/p>\n

Potom, \u010do dorazili do chladn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, sa u nich vyvinuli dve met\u00f3dy, ako sa vyhn\u00fa\u0165 omrznut\u00fdm listom.\u00a0 Prv\u00e1 je naplnenie \u017eiv\u00fdch buniek listov koncentrovanou sladkou miazgou, biologickou verziou nemrzn\u00facej kvapaliny. Niektor\u00e9 stromy, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou neopadav\u00e9 ihli\u010dnany ako borovica a smreky, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa iba t\u00fato met\u00f3du a pomocou ultrasilnej nemrzn\u00facej kvapaliny tak po cel\u00fd rok br\u00e1nia zmrznutiu svojho ihli\u010dia. \u010eal\u0161ie druhy, ako javory, brezy a smrekovce, sa omrznutiu listov sna\u017eia vyhn\u00fa\u0165 kombin\u00e1ciou menej extr\u00e9mnej hladiny cukru v listoch a opad\u00e1vaniu l\u00edstia po\u010das zimy.<\/p>\n

Tieto met\u00f3dy s\u00fa jedine\u010dn\u00fdmi adapt\u00e1ciami pre boj proti mrazu. Aspo\u0148 to tak bolo, k\u00fdm sa opadav\u00e9 stromy nevr\u00e1tili sp\u00e4\u0165 do such\u00fdch tr\u00f3pov, kde im ich strat\u00e9gia pom\u00e1ha pre\u017ei\u0165 dlh\u00e9 obdobia sucha, ktor\u00e1 nast\u00e1vaj\u00fa v monz\u00fanovom podneb\u00ed. Sladk\u00e1 miazga zost\u00e1va jedinou adapt\u00e1ciou, ktor\u00e1 je u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 len v chladn\u00fdch oblastiach. Preto mus\u00edte \u00eds\u0165 na sever, ak si chcete vychutna\u0165 sladk\u00fa nemrzn\u00facu kvapalinu, ktor\u00e1 by v\u00e1m mohla pom\u00f4c\u0165 pre\u017ei\u0165 zimu – hovor\u00ed sa jej javorov\u00fd sirup. (zdroj)<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Krajiny na celom svete sa zav\u00e4zuj\u00fa vysadi\u0165 miliardy stromov, aby t\u00fdm podporili obnovu lesov. Nov\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia v\u0161ak ukazuje, \u017ee sme podcenili silu prirodzen\u00e9ho op\u00e4tovn\u00e9ho rastu lesov v boji proti zmene podnebia.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6647","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6647","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6647"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6647\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6647"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6647"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6647"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}