Pyram\u00eddy v G\u00edze, ktor\u00e9 boli postaven\u00e9 po\u010das starej egyptskej r\u00ed\u0161e, sa m\u00f4\u017eu zda\u0165 ako iba extravagantn\u00e9 stavby, ale s\u00fa tie\u017e jedn\u00fdm z najlep\u0161\u00edch zdrojov historikov na pochopenie \u017eivota v starovekom Egypte. Vo vn\u00fatri stien s\u00fa pokryt\u00e9 ilustr\u00e1ciami po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych postupov, \u017eivota v meste a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch obradov. Existuje v\u0161ak jedna z\u00e1hada, ktor\u00fa pyram\u00eddy nevysvet\u013euj\u00fa; ako boli postaven\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Pre historikov zost\u00e1va z\u00e1hadou u\u017e tis\u00edce rokov, ale pr\u00e1ca nieko\u013ek\u00fdch archeol\u00f3gov za posledn\u00fdch nieko\u013eko desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed priniesla nesmierny poh\u013ead na to, ako pyram\u00eddy vznikli.<\/p>\n
S\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou toho, \u010do sp\u00f4sobilo to\u013eko intr\u00edg, bola schopnos\u0165 Egyp\u0165anov vytvori\u0165 pyram\u00eddu bez toho, aby e\u0161te objavili koleso. Preprava mohutn\u00fdch kame\u0148ov pou\u017eit\u00fdch na stavbu pyram\u00edd – niektor\u00e9 s hmotnos\u0165ou a\u017e 90 ton – musela by\u0165 ve\u013emi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1. Nevyna\u0161li pom\u00f4cky, pr\u00edstroj, ktor\u00fd by u\u013eah\u010dil zdvihnutie t\u00fdch ve\u013ek\u00fdch kame\u0148ov na vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 miesto. Tie\u017e nemali \u017eelezn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje ako napr\u00edklad sek\u00e1\u010d na tvarovanie kame\u0148a.<\/p>\n
Khufu, najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia z pyram\u00edd v G\u00edze, bola za\u010dat\u00e1 v roku 2 550 pred n. l. Je vysok\u00e1 481 metrov. Khufu a jej susedn\u00e9 pyram\u00eddy pre\u017eili 4 500 rokov vojen a poveternostn\u00fdch vplyvov pr\u00edrody – a ich merania s\u00fa neuverite\u013ene presn\u00e9 – a\u017e so\u00a0 zlomkom centimetra.<\/p>\n
Mnoho historikov je navy\u0161e presved\u010den\u00fdch, \u017ee stavebn\u00fd materi\u00e1l pre pyram\u00eddy poch\u00e1dzal z takmer 500 m\u00ed\u013e \u010faleko.
\nNiektor\u00ed vedci predpokladali, \u017ee Egyp\u0165ania valili svoje kamene po p\u00fa\u0161ti. Mo\u017eno im ch\u00fdbalo modern\u00e9 koleso, ako si ho dnes mysl\u00edme, mo\u017eno vyu\u017eili ve\u013ek\u00e9 kamene pozd\u013a\u017e zeme. Keby zdvihli svoje kamene na tieto kmene, mohli ich \u00faspe\u0161ne prevr\u00e1ti\u0165 cez p\u00fa\u0161\u0165. Bohu\u017eia\u013e neexistuj\u00fa d\u00f4kazy o tom, \u017ee by to Egyp\u0165ania urobili tak d\u00f4myselne, ako by to bolo: v egyptskom umen\u00ed ani v spisoch nie s\u00fa k dispoz\u00edcii nijak\u00e9 popisy kame\u0148ov – ani ni\u010doho in\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n
Potom je tu v\u00fdzva, ako zdvihn\u00fa\u0165 kamene do polohy na \u010doraz vy\u0161\u0161ej pyram\u00edde. Star\u00ed gr\u00e9cki historici naroden\u00ed po stavbe pyram\u00edd verili, \u017ee Egyp\u0165ania postavili rampy podobn\u00e9 le\u0161eniu pozd\u013a\u017e vonkaj\u0161ej strany hrobiek a vyn\u00e1\u0161ali kamene hore t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom, zatia\u013e \u010do niektor\u00ed modern\u00ed historici poukazuj\u00fa na zvl\u00e1\u0161tne vzduchov\u00e9 vreck\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee rampy mohli by\u0165 skuto\u010dne vo vn\u00fatri steny pyram\u00edd, a preto po nich po exteri\u00e9ri nezostali \u017eiadne stopy.<\/p>\n Stavba Sfingy v Egpyte\n
Ned\u00e1vno vy\u0161li najavo dva nov\u00e9 objavy o tom, ako boli pyram\u00eddy postaven\u00e9. Prv\u00fd vyn\u00e1jden\u00fd, ke\u010f sa holandsk\u00fd t\u00edm pozrel na egyptsk\u00e9 umenie zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00face robotn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed cez p\u00fa\u0161\u0165 pres\u00favali obrovsk\u00e9 kamene na saniach. Uvedomili si, \u017ee postava vylievaj\u00faca vodu do cesty kame\u0148a nebola s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u017eiadnej sl\u00e1vnostnej ponuky – nam\u00e1\u010dal piesok.<\/p>\n
Voda pom\u00e1ha zrnk\u00e1m piesku dr\u017ea\u0165 sa spolu, aby drasticky zn\u00ed\u017eili trenie. T\u00fdm zostrojil repliku s\u00e1nok a otestoval ich te\u00f3riu. Zistili, \u017ee Egyp\u0165ania boli schopn\u00ed pracova\u0165 s v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edmi kame\u0148mi, ako si archeol\u00f3govia a historici v\u00f4bec predstavovali.<\/p>\n
Egyptsk\u00fd expert Mark Lehner tie\u017e vytvoril te\u00f3riu o tom, ako boli pyram\u00eddy postaven\u00e9. Aj ke\u010f dnes pyram\u00eddy sedia uprostred roz\u013eahlej p\u00fa\u0161te, v \u010dasoch pyram\u00edd boli obklopen\u00e9 pr\u00edlivom rieky N\u00edl. Lehner predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee ak by ste sa pozreli pod mesto K\u00e1hira, na\u0161li by ste starod\u00e1vne vodn\u00e9 toky, ktor\u00e9 smerovali n\u00edlsku vodu na miesto stavby pyram\u00edd. Egyp\u0165ania mohli kamene nalo\u017ei\u0165 na \u010dlny a prepravi\u0165 po rieke priamo na stavenisko. Najlep\u0161ie na tom v\u0161etkom je, \u017ee existuje d\u00f4kaz: jeho vykop\u00e1vky odhalili starod\u00e1vny pr\u00edstav priamo pri pyram\u00eddach, kde mohli kamene prist\u00e1\u0165.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Pozoruhodn\u00fdm objavom bolo zistenie Pierra Talleta, archeol\u00f3ga, ktor\u00fd v roku 2013 prech\u00e1dzal papyrusov\u00fd denn\u00edk mu\u017ea menom Merer, ktor\u00fd sa jav\u00ed ako byrokrat poveren\u00fd prepravou materi\u00e1lov do G\u00edzy. Po nieko\u013ek\u00fdch rokoch prekladu Tallet zistil, \u017ee Merer nap\u00edsal p\u00edsomn\u00e9 opisy svojich sk\u00fasenost\u00ed s doh\u013eadom nad t\u00edmom 40 robotn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed otv\u00e1rali hr\u00e1dze, aby odviedli vodu z N\u00edlu do umelo vytvoren\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e9 viedli priamo k pyram\u00eddam.<\/p>\n
Svoje cesty zaznamenal nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi obrovsk\u00fdmi v\u00e1pencov\u00fdmi blokmi z Turej do G\u00edzy. Jeho spisy pon\u00fakli najpriamej\u0161\u00ed poh\u013ead na to, ako boli pyram\u00eddy postaven\u00e9, a pomohol zodpoveda\u0165 jednu z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zok hist\u00f3rie.<\/p>\n
V\u010faka v\u0161etk\u00fdm technologick\u00fdm pokrokom, ktor\u00e9 sme dosiahli v dne\u0161nom svete, je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 si predstavi\u0165 \u017eivot bez nich. \u010cas\u0165 toho, pre\u010do tajomstvo stavby egyptsk\u00fdch pyram\u00edd zauj\u00edma to\u013eko \u013eud\u00ed, je to, \u017ee s\u00fa tieto stavby skuto\u010dne pokrokov\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Ak by dok\u00e1zali vytvori\u0165 tak\u00e9 obrovsk\u00e9 a podmaniv\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary aj bez pou\u017eitia kolesa, \u010do potom m\u00f4\u017eeme vytvori\u0165 pomocou na\u0161ich bohat\u00fdch inov\u00e1ci\u00ed modernej doby? A \u010do by sme mohli dosiahnu\u0165, keby sme kone\u010dne zistili, ak\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a met\u00f3dy Egyp\u0165ania pou\u017e\u00edvali.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Pyram\u00eddy v G\u00edze Pyram\u00eddy v G\u00edze, ktor\u00e9 boli postaven\u00e9 po\u010das starej egyptskej r\u00ed\u0161e, sa m\u00f4\u017eu zda\u0165 ako iba extravagantn\u00e9 stavby, ale s\u00fa tie\u017e jedn\u00fdm z<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6856","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6856"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6856\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6856"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6856"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6856"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}