{"id":6878,"date":"2021-04-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-04-29T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/vznik-financneho-sveta-wall-street\/"},"modified":"2021-04-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-04-29T23:00:00","slug":"vznik-financneho-sveta-wall-street","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/vznik-financneho-sveta-wall-street\/","title":{"rendered":"Vznik finan\u010dn\u00e9ho sveta Wall Street"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Z geografick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je\u00a0Wall Street\u00a0<\/strong>len \u010fal\u0161ou z ul\u00edc\u00a0New Yorku.\u00a0<\/strong>Je dlh\u00e1 800 metrov, tvoren\u00e1 \u00f4smimi blokmi budov a le\u017e\u00ed na Dolnom Manhattane. <\/strong>\u010co ju v\u0161ak rob\u00ed takou \u0161peci\u00e1lnou?<\/p>\n

Na tejto pomerne kr\u00e1tkej ulici, n\u00e1jdete mnoho v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch architektonick\u00fdch pamiatok<\/strong> and organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 v nich s\u00eddlia. Za v\u0161etky m\u00f4\u017eeme spomen\u00fa\u0165\u00a0Federal Hall –\u00a0<\/strong>p\u00f4vodn\u00fa newyorsk\u00fa radnicu. Okrem toho, tu v minulosti s\u00eddlil aj trh s otrokmi<\/strong> a in\u00e9 miesta, dotv\u00e1raj\u00face genius loci <\/em>vtedaj\u0161ieho New Yorku<\/strong>.<\/p>\n V uliciach New Yorku, n\u00e1jdete \u010dast\u00e9 prieniky modernej architekt\u00fary, s tou z d\u00f4b minul\u00fdch. | Foto: pexels.com<\/strong>\n

Niet v\u0161ak divu, \u017ee sa sem dlhodobo upieraj\u00fa zraky takmer cel\u00e9ho finan\u010dn\u00e9ho sveta<\/strong>. Ulica je toti\u017eto v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti s\u00eddlom dvoch najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch b\u00farz na svete – The New York Stock Exchange\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0NASDAQ.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ako sa v\u0161ak z ulice, na ktorej sa stret\u00e1vali hlavn\u00ed predstavitelia<\/strong> New Yorku, stalo\u00a0centrum svetov\u00e9ho obchodu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Hist\u00f3ria Wall Street<\/h3>\n

\u00dapln\u00e9 po\u010diatky ulice siahaj\u00fa do obdobia, kedy t\u00e1to \u010das\u0165 mesta, niesla n\u00e1zov New Amsterdam, <\/strong>\u010do bolo v\u00fdsledkom holandskej koloniz\u00e1cie. <\/strong>Aj ulica mala holandsk\u00fd n\u00e1zov – de Waalstraat – <\/strong>a bola klasick\u00fdm miestom pulzuj\u00faceho newyorsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

Okrem toho sa s touto ulicou sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa aj viacer\u00e9 historick\u00e9 udalosti. <\/strong>Wall Street bola miestom inaugur\u00e1cie prv\u00e9ho prezidenta Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov – Georga Washingtona, <\/strong>a takisto bola budova Federal Hall, miestom prijatia\u00a0listiny pr\u00e1v,\u00a0<\/strong>zn\u00e1mej\u0161ej ako\u00a0Bill of Rights.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

V 20. storo\u010d\u00ed, <\/strong>sa v\u0161ak ani t\u00e1to ulica, rovnako ako v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina New Yorku, <\/strong>nevyhla v\u00fdstavbe mrakodrapov. <\/strong>Spolu s\u00a0mrakodrapmi\u00a0<\/strong>sa za\u010dala viac rozv\u00edja\u0165 cel\u00e1 oblas\u0165 a na\u00a0Wall Street\u00a0<\/strong>sa usadilo nieko\u013eko burzov\u00fdch trhov. Postupne ich za\u010dalo prib\u00fada\u0165 viac a viac a ich\u00a0vplyv <\/strong>vo svete financi\u00ed <\/strong>neust\u00e1le narastal. Dodnes sa pr\u00e1ve Wall Street ozna\u010duje, za hnac\u00ed motor newyorskej ekonomiky. <\/strong><\/p>\n

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The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)<\/h3>\n

Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed spomedzi v\u0161etk\u00fdch burzov\u00fdch trhov sveta<\/strong>, je pr\u00e1ve The New York Stock Exchange,<\/strong> prez\u00fdvan\u00fd aj The Big Board<\/strong>. Pod\u013ea \u00fadajov zverejnen\u00fdch v roku 2018, dosahovala hodnota spolo\u010dnost\u00ed,\u00a0<\/strong>obchodovan\u00fdch na tejto\u00a0burze,\u00a0<\/strong>v\u00fd\u0161ku 30,1 trili\u00f3na americk\u00fdch dol\u00e1rov (USD).\u00a0<\/strong>S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 \u0161tatistiky z febru\u00e1ra 2021 ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee aktu\u00e1lna hodnota trhu<\/strong>, sa pohybuje na \u00farovni 25,62 trili\u00f3nov USD.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

NYSE\u00a0<\/strong>s\u00eddli v hlavnej budove tejto finan\u010dnej \u0161tvrte –\u00a0The New York Stock Exchange Building.\u00a0<\/strong>Vlastn\u00edkom tejto\u00a0burzy,\u00a0<\/strong>je americk\u00e1 holdingov\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165\u00a0Intercontinental Exchange.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Hlavn\u00e1 budova burzy na Wall Street – New York Stock Exchange Building. | Foto: pickfair.com<\/strong>\n

Po\u010diatky tejto burzy siahaj\u00fa do roku\u00a01792.\u00a0<\/strong>Prvotne boli na\u00a0Wall Street\u00a0<\/strong>obchodovan\u00e9\u00a0komodity\u00a0<\/strong>ako\u00a0tabak, obilniny\u00a0<\/strong>a u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00ed\u00a0otroci.\u00a0<\/strong>Nesk\u00f4r sa ale trh za\u010dal vyv\u00edja\u0165 a 24<\/strong>\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00fdch makl\u00e9rov,\u00a0<\/strong>polo\u017eilo z\u00e1klady prv\u00e9ho burzov\u00e9ho trhu\u00a0<\/strong>na Wall Street.<\/p>\n

Prv\u00fdmi obchodn\u00edkmi na tejto burze, boli\u00a0vl\u00e1dne organiz\u00e1cie –\u00a0<\/strong>First Bank of the United States, Bank of New York\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0Bank of North America.\u00a0<\/strong>V \u010fal\u0161\u00edch desa\u0165ro\u010diach sa burzov\u00e9 prostredie neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edjalo a v roku 1864,\u00a0<\/strong>bola zalo\u017een\u00e1 nov\u00e1 burza –\u00a0The Open Board of Stock Brokers –\u00a0<\/strong>priamy rival\u00a0NYSE.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Do fungovania tejto\u00a0burzy,\u00a0<\/strong>neraz zasiahli aj nepredv\u00eddate\u013en\u00e9 vonkaj\u0161ie okolnosti, ktor\u00e9 paralyzovali fungovanie trhu. Jednou z najsilnej\u0161\u00edch udalost\u00ed, ktor\u00e1 prin\u00fatila prev\u00e1dzkovate\u013eov uzavrie\u0165\u00a0NYSE,\u00a0<\/strong>bola 1. svetov\u00e1 vojna.\u00a0<\/strong>Kr\u00e1tko po odznen\u00ed posledn\u00fdch n\u00e1znakov vojny, bola burza uzatvoren\u00e1 op\u00e4\u0165. Pr\u00ed\u010dinou bol\u00a0bombov\u00fd \u00fatok\u00a0<\/strong>priamo na\u00a0Wall Street,\u00a0<\/strong>ktor\u00fd si vy\u017eiadal dovedna a\u017e 40 \u017eivotov. Posledn\u00fdmi udalos\u0165ami, ktor\u00e9 vyvolali zatvorenie burzy, boli\u00a0hurik\u00e1n Sandy\u00a0<\/strong>v roku 2014 a technick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my burzov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov, ktor\u00e9 sa ale nepreuk\u00e1zali ako d\u00f4sledok\u00a0kybernetick\u00e9ho \u00fatoku,\u00a0<\/strong>a tak burzu ochromili len na nieko\u013eko hod\u00edn.<\/p>\n

Obchodovanie na\u00a0The Big Board,\u00a0<\/strong>prebieha aj do s\u00fa\u010dasnosti tradi\u010dne auk\u010dn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom,\u00a0<\/strong>v\u00fdlu\u010dne v pracovn\u00fdch d\u0148och. Otvorenie aj zatvorenie burzy, ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 oznamuje\u00a0zvonec.<\/strong> Od roku 2007,\u00a0<\/strong>umo\u017enila burza pr\u00edstup na trh aj prostredn\u00edctvom vlastn\u00e9ho online marketu.\u00a0<\/strong>Tento sp\u00f4sob obchodovania na burze, e\u0161te viac posilnila s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1\u00a0pand\u00e9mia COVID-19,\u00a0<\/strong>v\u010faka ktorej sa musel cel\u00fd\u00a0burzov\u00fd trh\u00a0<\/strong>presun\u00fa\u0165 do\u00a0online priestoru,\u00a0<\/strong>\u010do otvorilo dvere mnoh\u00fdm nov\u00fdm burzov\u00fdm makl\u00e9rom<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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NASDAQ<\/h3>\n

Druh\u00fdm najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm burzov\u00fdm trhom po\u00a0NYSE, <\/strong>s\u00eddliaci len na skok od Wall Street, je u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00fd\u00a0NASDAQ.\u00a0<\/strong>N\u00e1zov predstavuje skratku zo slov\u00a0the Nationa Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations.\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e1to\u00a0burza\u00a0<\/strong>sa za\u010dala vyv\u00edja\u0165 v\u00fdrazne nesk\u00f4r ako\u00a0NYSE,\u00a0<\/strong>ke\u010f\u017ee vznikla a\u017e v roku\u00a01971.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prvotn\u00e1 idea\u00a0NASDAQ\u00a0<\/strong>nebola vytvori\u0165 priamy\u00a0burzov\u00fd trh.\u00a0<\/strong>Spo\u010diatku t\u00e1to burza – prv\u00e1 elektronick\u00e1 burza na svete – <\/strong>poskytovala v\u00fdlu\u010dne ponukov\u00fd syst\u00e9m komod\u00edt<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 sa v\u0161ak priamo cez organiz\u00e1ciu nedali obchodova\u0165.<\/p>\n Budova New Yorskej burzy NASDAQ. | Foto: pinterest.com<\/strong>\n

U\u017e nieko\u013eko rokov po svojom vzniku, NASDAQ zaradil do svojej ponuky aj mo\u017enos\u0165\u00a0priameho obchodovania.\u00a0<\/strong>To viedlo k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu rastu\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00fdch tokov,\u00a0<\/strong>realizovan\u00fdch na tejto burze. Postupne sa burza spojila aj s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi trhmi – napr.\u00a0London Stock Exchange,\u00a0<\/strong>z \u010doho vznikol\u00a0prv\u00fd medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd burzov\u00fd trh.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

V r\u00e1mci tejto organiz\u00e1cie je mo\u017en\u00e9 obchodova\u0165 na\u00a0troch \u00farovniach.\u00a0<\/strong>Prv\u00e1 je tzv.\u00a0Capital Market –\u00a0<\/strong>ur\u010den\u00fd pre spolo\u010dnosti, s ni\u017e\u0161ou \u00farov\u0148ou trhov\u00e9ho financovania<\/strong> (obchodovanie akci\u00ed, komod\u00edt), druh\u00fd level je Global Market –\u00a0<\/strong>1450 spolo\u010dnost\u00ed, sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00facich pr\u00edsne po\u017eiadavky vl\u00e1dy a NASDAQ, v oblasti financi\u00ed a likvidity. Poslednou, najvy\u0161\u0161ou \u00farov\u0148ou, je\u00a0Global Select Market –\u00a0<\/strong>tvoren\u00fd 1200 exkluz\u00edvnymi partnermi organiz\u00e1cie,<\/strong> ktor\u00e9 sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa najpr\u00edsnej\u0161ie po\u017eiadavky, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 s\u00fa najatrakt\u00edvnej\u0161ie pre\u00a0ve\u013ek\u00fdch investorov.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea posledn\u00fdch zverejnen\u00fdch \u0161tatist\u00edk, dosahuje\u00a0objem obchodovan\u00fdch komod\u00edt\u00a0<\/strong>na tejto burze, celkov\u00fa hodnotu 19,51 trili\u00f3na USD.\u00a0<\/strong>Najbli\u017e\u0161ie v porad\u00ed – tretia najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia svetov\u00e1 burza Hong Kong Exchanges,\u00a0<\/strong>dosahuje v tom istom obdob\u00ed len pribli\u017ene tretinu z hodnoty\u00a0NASDAQ –\u00a0<\/strong>konkr\u00e9tne\u00a06,76 trili\u00f3na USD.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ak v\u00e1s zauj\u00edma t\u00e9ma financie, \u010fal\u0161ie zauj\u00edmavosti z tohto sveta, \u010di tipy na to, ako nar\u00e1ba\u0165 s financiami, m\u00f4\u017eete si pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165 aj na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky o infl\u00e1cii tu a tu, tipy na knihy o financi\u00e1ch tu a o technike efekt\u00edvneho sporenia tu.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Z geografick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je\u00a0Wall Street\u00a0len \u010fal\u0161ou z ul\u00edc\u00a0New Yorku.\u00a0Je dlh\u00e1 800 metrov, tvoren\u00e1 \u00f4smimi blokmi budov a le\u017e\u00ed na Dolnom Manhattane. \u010co ju v\u0161ak<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6878","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6878"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6878\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6878"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6878"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6878"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}