{"id":6975,"date":"2021-05-31T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-05-30T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/frenologia\/"},"modified":"2021-05-31T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-05-30T23:00:00","slug":"frenologia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/frenologia\/","title":{"rendered":"Je mo\u017en\u00e9 analyzova\u0165 osobnos\u0165 \u010dloveka pomocou tvaru lebky? Frenol\u00f3gia mala svoje odpovede"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V priebehu 19. storo\u010dia sa spopularizovala technika, ktorej cie\u013eom bolo <strong>op\u00edsa\u0165 osobnos\u0165 na z\u00e1klade tvaru hlavy<\/strong>. Lek\u00e1ri a myslitelia verili, \u017ee tvar lebky by mohol by\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dom k psychol\u00f3gi\u00ed. Na tvar lebky mal ma\u0165 vplyv pr\u00e1ve mozog. Tento po\u010din m\u00e1 aj ofici\u00e1lny n\u00e1zov, naz\u00fdvame ho frenol\u00f3gia, niekedy bola naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 aj kranioskopia.<\/p>\n<p>Jej otcom bol nemeck\u00fd lek\u00e1r <strong>Franz\u00a0 Joseph Gall. <\/strong>Zrodila sa v roku 1796. Ofici\u00e1lne pomenovanie frenol\u00f3gia dostala a\u017e v roku 1815 od T. Fostera. T\u00e1to paveda bola v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed ve\u013emi popul\u00e1rna.<\/p>\n<p>Frenol\u00f3gia bola vo svojich \u010dasoch zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 ako <strong>prestrojenie pre rasizmus a sexistick\u00e9 stereotypy<\/strong>.\u00a0 Dokonca sa sp\u00e1ja aj s nacistickou eugenikou, kedy bola zneu\u017eit\u00e1 pri likvid\u00e1ci\u00ed \u017didov.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Victorian Pseudosciences: Brain Personality Maps\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/iBv1wKinQXw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Gall si u\u017e vo svojich detsk\u00fdch \u010dasoch v\u0161imol, \u017ee jeho spolu\u017eiaci s excelentnou pam\u00e4\u0165ou mali tendenciu <strong>ma\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 a vypukl\u00e9 o\u010di<\/strong>. Ke\u010f sa sna\u017eil toto tvrdenie podoprie\u0165 te\u00f3riou, nazna\u010dil, \u017ee \u010das\u0165 mozgu za o\u010dami mus\u00ed by\u0165 prepojen\u00e1 s verb\u00e1lnou pam\u00e4\u0165ou. Toto neobvykl\u00e9 pozorovanie a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jeho neskor\u0161ia anatomick\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca spojen\u00e1 so \u0161trukt\u00farou mozgu doviedla Galla k formul\u00e1ci\u00ed novej vedy mysle.<\/p>\n<h3>Na akom princ\u00edpe frenol\u00f3gia fungovala?<\/h3>\n<p>Otec frenol\u00f3gie veril, \u017ee <strong>tvar lebky hovor\u00ed o predispoz\u00edci\u00e1ch jedinca<\/strong> a ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 jeho mozgu m\u00e1 svoje prepojenie s nejakou vlastnos\u0165ou, ment\u00e1lnou alebo emo\u010dnou funkciou. Toto zah\u0155\u0148alo v\u0161etko od reprodukcie a\u017e po\u00a0 m\u00fadros\u0165, je\u0161itnos\u0165 \u010di n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 c\u00edtenie.<\/p>\n<p>Gall sa prostredn\u00edctvom svojej \u0161t\u00fadie presved\u010dil o tom, \u017ee <strong>tvar mozgu kop\u00edruje lebka<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 ho obklopuje, tak\u017ee jeho \u0161t\u00fadium hr\u010diek a jamiek lebky m\u00f4\u017ee odhali\u0165 funk\u010dnos\u0165 a charakter mozgu, ktor\u00fd sa pod nimi nach\u00e1dza.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edm bol hrbol\u010dek v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed, t\u00fdm bola dan\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 s\u00eddliaca v tejto oblasti viac rozvinut\u00e1. Frenol\u00f3govia boli nesk\u00f4r presved\u010den\u00ed aj o tom, \u017ee mozog je org\u00e1n, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 tr\u00e9novan\u00fd tak, ako dv\u00edhanie z\u00e1va\u017e\u00ed buduje svalstvo. <strong>Verilo sa, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm viac bud\u00fa \u013eudia jednotliv\u00e9 \u010dasti mozgu pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165, t\u00fdm sa bud\u00fa zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ova\u0165<\/strong>, a \u010d\u00edm menej ich bud\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165, t\u00fdm sa bud\u00fa zmen\u0161ova\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Pre\u010do frenol\u00f3gia zaujala \u013eud\u00ed v Eur\u00f3pe a aj v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch? Zdalo sa, \u017ee v\u010faka tejto pseudovede je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u017ei\u0165 svoj americk\u00fd sen. <strong>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 spolo\u010densk\u00e1 trieda si na\u0161la svoje d\u00f4vody.<\/strong> Vy\u0161\u0161ia trieda ju obdivovala, preto\u017ee ju utvrdzovala v jej postaven\u00ed, pri\u010dom ho vn\u00edmala ako prirodzen\u00e9. Stredn\u00e1 a pracuj\u00faca trieda ju uzn\u00e1vala, preto\u017ee potvrdzovala je n\u00e1dej v pokrok prostredn\u00edctvom osobnej snahy a zdokona\u013eovania sa.<\/p>\n<p>Frenol\u00f3gia \u013eu\u010fom d\u00e1vala n\u00e1dej zlep\u0161ova\u0165 \u201e\u010do im Boh nadelil&#8220;, jednotlivci mali silu ovplyvni\u0165 svoju vlastn\u00fa bud\u00facnos\u0165 a \u010dlovek mohol by\u0165 jednoducho majstrom vlastnej mysle. <strong>Svoje miesto si na\u0161la v kriminalistike a aj u \u0161arlat\u00e1nov<\/strong>, ktor\u00ed na jej z\u00e1klade sp\u00e1jali nezadan\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed t\u00fa\u017eiacich po l\u00e1ske od vhodn\u00e9ho partnera. Fenol\u00f3govia pon\u00fakali aj konzult\u00e1cie pre potreby v\u00fdberu vhodn\u00e9ho zamestnanca.<\/p>\n Frenol\u00f3gia si svojich pr\u00edvr\u017eencov na\u0161la vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch spolo\u010densk\u00fdch triedach, Zdroj: Pixabay.com\/laurentarroues\n<h3>Pre\u010do je dnes kritizovan\u00e1 a ozna\u010den\u00e1 za pseudovedu?<\/h3>\n<p>Je tu hne\u010f nieko\u013eko d\u00f4vodov pre\u010do sa anal\u00fdza \u013eudskej osobnosti na z\u00e1klade tvaru lebky za\u010dala spochyb\u0148ova\u0165 Jedn\u00fdm z nich bolo zistenie, \u017ee <strong>mozog sa prisp\u00f4sobuje tvaru lebky<\/strong>, nie je to opa\u010dne. \u010ealej sa pracovalo so skuto\u010dnos\u0165ou, \u017ee mozog nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 fyzicky zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161i\u0165 alebo zmen\u0161i\u0165 ako svalstvo.<\/p>\n<p>A\u017e v\u00fdskumy 20. storo\u010dia uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee \u013eudsk\u00fd <strong>mozog funguje ako celok<\/strong>. S\u00edce v \u0148om skuto\u010dne existuj\u00fa rozli\u010dn\u00e9 oblasti, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zodpovedn\u00e9 za \u010dinnos\u0165 rozli\u010dn\u00fdch org\u00e1nov, av\u0161ak pri psychickej \u010dinnosti \u010dasti mozgu pod\u013ea potreby spolupracuj\u00fa. Jednoducho nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1js\u0165 \u0161peci\u00e1lnu a konkr\u00e9tnu lok\u00e1ciu pre jednotliv\u00e9 psychick\u00e9 vlastnosti a schopnosti \u010dloveka.\u00a0 Aj napriek tomu e\u0161te dnes nach\u00e1dza svojich fan\u00fa\u0161ikov v niektor\u00fdch \u010dastiach sveta, napr\u00edklad v USA.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sisyfos (\u010cesk\u00fd klub skeptikov) t\u00fato pseudovedu prirovn\u00e1va napr. k astrol\u00f3gi\u00ed<\/strong>, av\u0161ak s t\u00fdm rozdielom, \u017ee pri frenol\u00f3gi\u00ed vedeck\u00fd v\u00fdskum dok\u00e1zal jej dostato\u010dne zrejm\u00fa mylnos\u0165. \u010eal\u0161iu podporn\u00fa skuto\u010dnos\u0165\u00a0 jej z\u00e1niku tvorili posudky frenol\u00f3gov, ktor\u00e9 nekore\u0161pondovali so skuto\u010dn\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami sk\u00faman\u00fdch os\u00f4b. Nehovoriac o myln\u00fdch predpovediach ich osudu.<\/p>\n<h3>Ak\u00fd bol jej pr\u00ednos?<\/h3>\n<p>Aj napriek tomu, \u017ee v skuto\u010dnej vede svoje miesto nena\u0161la, ist\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom napomohla k poznaniu \u013eudsk\u00e9ho mozgu.<strong> In\u0161pir\u00e1ciou bola napr\u00edklad pre neurol\u00f3giu.<\/strong> Niektor\u00e9 z Gallov\u00fdch n\u00e1padov a ide\u00ed napomohli jej rozvoju. Pr\u00edkladom je Gallova origin\u00e1lna predstava ako rozdielne \u010dasti mozgu prep\u00e1jaj\u00fa rozli\u010dn\u00e9 funkcie. Toto tvrdenie bolo ve\u013emi podporn\u00fdm pre porozumenie tomu, ako mozog skuto\u010dne funguje.<\/p>\n<p>Niektor\u00ed v\u00fdskumn\u00edci tie\u017e poukazuj\u00fa na neskor\u0161ie objavy oh\u013eadom centra re\u010di v na\u0161om mozgu, na ktor\u00fdch vplyv mal tie\u017e Gall.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><strong>Sources:<\/strong> BBC, The Conversation, The Atlantic, Medical News Today, 21. stolet\u00ed, Sisyfos<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V priebehu 19. storo\u010dia sa spopularizovala technika, ktorej cie\u013eom bolo op\u00edsa\u0165 osobnos\u0165 na z\u00e1klade tvaru hlavy. Lek\u00e1ri a myslitelia verili, \u017ee tvar lebky by mohol<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6975","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6975"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6975\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6975"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6975"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6975"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}