{"id":7037,"date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-21T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/ako-funguju-sny-strucny-prehlad-najznamejsimi-teoriami\/"},"modified":"2021-06-22T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-06-21T23:00:00","slug":"ako-funguju-sny-strucny-prehlad-najznamejsimi-teoriami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/ako-funguju-sny-strucny-prehlad-najznamejsimi-teoriami\/","title":{"rendered":"Ako funguj\u00fa sny, stru\u010dn\u00fd preh\u013ead najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edmi te\u00f3riami"},"content":{"rendered":"Sny (Foto:Thuanny Gantuss)\n<p>E\u0161te\u00a0 sa odborn\u00edci, vedci ani oby\u010dajn\u00ed \u013eudia nezhodli na odpovediach na tieto ot\u00e1zky a u\u017e sa vyrojilo mnoho \u010fal\u0161\u00edch. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku si zhrnieme <strong>kr\u00e1tku hist\u00f3riu<\/strong> a najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie <strong>te\u00f3rie snenia<\/strong>. Po cel\u00e9 storo\u010dia sme sa sna\u017eili pr\u00eds\u0165 na to, pre\u010do n\u00e1\u0161 <strong>mozog<\/strong> pre n\u00e1s vytv\u00e1ra tieto no\u010dn\u00e9 predstavenia.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Ran\u00e9 civiliz\u00e1cie<\/h3>\n<p>Ran\u00e9 civiliz\u00e1cie si mysleli, \u017ee snov\u00e9 svety s\u00fa <strong>skuto\u010dn\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 svety<\/strong>, do ktor\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017eeme vst\u00fapi\u0165 iba zo svojho sp\u00e1nkov\u00e9ho stavu. In\u00fd poh\u013ead hovoril o tom, \u017ee sny n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa <strong>pozorova\u0165 a predpoveda\u0165 na\u0161u bud\u00facnos\u0165<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Psychologick\u00e9 te\u00f3rie<\/h3>\n<p>Prv\u00fa <strong>ucelen\u00fa te\u00f3riu snov podal psychol\u00f3g a psychiater Sigmund Freud<\/strong>. Je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na my\u0161lienke <strong>potla\u010denej t\u00fa\u017eby<\/strong>. \u017delania, ktor\u00e9 nie sme schopn\u00ed uspokoji\u0165 v soci\u00e1lnom prostred\u00ed, si vynahradzujeme po\u010das snenia. Sny umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa na\u0161ej mysli kona\u0165 tieto <strong>neprijate\u013en\u00e9 my\u0161lienky a t\u00fa\u017eby<\/strong>. Jeho te\u00f3ria o snoch sa zameriava predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na <strong>sexu\u00e1lne t\u00fa\u017eby a symboliku<\/strong>. Niet poch\u00fdb o tom, \u017ee Freud priniesol ve\u013ea nov\u00fdch a prevratn\u00fdch my\u0161lienok. Nem\u00f4\u017eme si v\u0161ak nev\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina jeho pr\u00e1ce sa venuje potla\u010den\u00fdm sexu\u00e1lnym t\u00fa\u017ebam a libidu. Vzh\u013eadom na to, \u017ee Freud \u017eil po\u010das <strong>viktori\u00e1nskej \u00e9ry <\/strong>potl\u00e1\u010daj\u00facej sexu\u00e1lne t\u00fa\u017eby, je jeho zameranie vysvetlite\u013en\u00e9. Na druhej strane n\u00e1s to n\u00fati zamyslie\u0165 sa nad objekt\u00edvnos\u0165ou jeho tvrden\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V\u010faka Freudovi sa aj \u010fal\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1my <strong>psychiater Carl Jung<\/strong> za\u010dal venova\u0165 snom. \u0160tudoval pr\u00e1ce Freuda, ale \u010doskoro sa rozhodol, \u017ee jeho vlastn\u00e1 predstava sa od Freudovej zna\u010dne l\u00ed\u0161i. S\u00fahlasil s <strong>psychologick\u00fdm p\u00f4vodom snov<\/strong>, ale namiesto toho, aby hovoril, \u017ee sny poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z na\u0161ich prvotn\u00fdch potrieb a potla\u010den\u00fdch \u017eelan\u00ed, tvrdil, \u017ee sny n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa <strong>uva\u017eova\u0165 o na\u0161om bdelom ja<\/strong> and <strong>rie\u0161i\u0165 na\u0161e probl\u00e9my<\/strong>. Pod\u013ea Junga n\u00e1m sny d\u00e1vaj\u00fa priestor na vysk\u00fa\u0161anie si r\u00f4znych variantov probl\u00e9mov a reakcii na ne, bez hmotnej ujmy.<\/p>\n<p>Okolo roku <strong>1973<\/strong>, psychiatri Allan Hobson a Robert McCarley uviedli na svet \u010fal\u0161iu te\u00f3riu, ktor\u00e1 oponovala star\u00fdm psychoanalytick\u00e9 my\u0161lienky. Ich v\u00fdskum priniesol predstavu, \u017ee sny s\u00fa v\u00fdsledkom <strong>n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch elektrick\u00fdch mozgov\u00fdch impulzov<\/strong>. Tieto impulzy vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa <strong>premietanie \u00a0obrazov ulo\u017een\u00fdch v pam\u00e4ti<\/strong>. Predpokladom bolo, \u017ee tieto obrazy po\u010das sp\u00e1nku netvoria pr\u00edbeh a mozog, ktor\u00fd chce da\u0165 zmysel tomu, \u010do za\u017eil si po\u010das preb\u00fadzania vytvor\u00ed vlastn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh k premietan\u00fdm obrazom.<\/p>\n Dodnes nepozn\u00e1me presn\u00fd v\u00fdznam snov (Foto: Garidy Sanders)\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Ke\u010f sp\u00edme, prech\u00e1dzame piatimi sp\u00e1nkov\u00fdmi f\u00e1zami<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Prvou f\u00e1zou<\/strong> je ve\u013emi <strong>\u013eahk\u00fd sp\u00e1nok<\/strong>, z ktor\u00e9ho sa d\u00e1 \u013eahko prebud\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Druh\u00e1 etapa<\/strong> nast\u00e1va pri <strong>mierne hlb\u0161om sp\u00e1nku.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>F\u00e1za tri <\/strong>predstavuje hlbok\u00fd sp\u00e1nok a trv\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 10 min\u00fat, doch\u00e1dza v nej k n\u00e1mesa\u010dnosti a no\u010dn\u00fdm mor\u00e1m.<\/li>\n<li><strong>F\u00e1za \u0161tyri<\/strong> predstavuj\u00fa n\u00e1\u0161 najhlb\u0161\u00ed <strong>sp\u00e1nok<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Na\u0161a mozgov\u00e1 aktivita v t\u00fdchto f\u00e1zach sa postupne spoma\u013euje a doch\u00e1dza k regener\u00e1cii tela.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pribli\u017ene <strong>90 min\u00fat<\/strong> po tom, \u010do ideme spa\u0165 a\u00a0nast\u00e1va<strong> piata f\u00e1za, REM sp\u00e1nok<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>R\u00fdchly pohyb o\u010d\u00ed (REM) objavili v roku <strong>1953<\/strong> vedci z Chicagskej univerzity <strong>Eugene Aserinsky a Nathaniel Kleitman<\/strong>. Po\u010das REM sp\u00e1nku nast\u00e1va nieko\u013eko fyziologick\u00fdch zmien:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>zr\u00fdch\u013euje sa srdcov\u00e1 frekvencia a d\u00fdchanie<\/li>\n<li>st\u00fapa krvn\u00fd tlak<\/li>\n<li>nedok\u00e1\u017eeme regulova\u0165 svoju telesn\u00fa teplotu<\/li>\n<li>mozgov\u00e1 aktivita sa zvy\u0161uje na rovnak\u00fa \u00farove\u0148, ako ke\u010f sme hore<\/li>\n<li>zvy\u0161ok tela zost\u00e1va v podstate ochrnut\u00fd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Paral\u00fdza<\/strong> je sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 uvo\u013enen\u00edm<strong> glyc\u00ednu <\/strong>(aminokyseliny) z <strong>mozgov\u00e9ho kme\u0148a na motoneur\u00f3ny<\/strong> (neur\u00f3ny, ktor\u00e9 ved\u00fa impulzy smerom von z mozgu alebo miechy). Preto\u017ee REM sp\u00e1nok je \u0161t\u00e1dium sp\u00e1nku, v ktorom sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou sn\u00edva, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 t\u00e1to paral\u00fdza pr\u00edrodn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, ako sa ubezpe\u010di\u0165, \u017ee svoje sny\u00a0 naozaj nekon\u00e1me.<\/p>\n<p>Najnov\u0161ie te\u00f3rie t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa sp\u00e1nku REM s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 s <strong>u\u010den\u00edm<\/strong>. Vedci sa sna\u017eia zisti\u0165, ak\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky m\u00e1 <strong>sp\u00e1nok REM<\/strong> na <strong>osvojenie fyzick\u00fdch zru\u010dnost\u00ed<\/strong>. Toto spojenie sa v niektor\u00fdch oh\u013eadoch jav\u00ed ako siln\u00e9 vzh\u013eadom na skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee kojenci a bato\u013eat\u00e1 pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ove\u013ea viac REM sp\u00e1nku ako dospel\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Hoci sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina snov aj najintenz\u00edvnej\u0161ie sny odohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa vo f\u00e1ze REM, m\u00f4\u017eeme sn\u00edva\u0165 v ktorejko\u013evek f\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n<p>Cel\u00fa noc prech\u00e1dzame t\u00fdmito piatimi etapami <strong>nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t.<\/strong> Ka\u017ed\u00fd nasleduj\u00faci cyklus v\u0161ak obsahuje viac REM sp\u00e1nku a menej hlbok\u00e9ho sp\u00e1nku (f\u00e1za tri a \u0161tyri).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Tip: Ak si chcete pam\u00e4ta\u0165 sny, nastavte si bud\u00edk na opakovanie s cyklom 90 min\u00fat. <\/em><\/p>\n 5 f\u00e1z sp\u00e1nku (Foto: Rayzner Simpson)\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Overen\u00e9 fakty o snoch<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina snov trv\u00e1 od 5 do 20 min\u00fat.<\/li>\n<li>\u013dudia sn\u00edvaj\u00fa farebne.<\/li>\n<li>\u013dudia, ktor\u00ed boli slep\u00ed od narodenia, maj\u00fa sny, ktor\u00e9 sa formuj\u00fa z ich \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zmyslov (napr. hmatu, \u010duchu, zvuku).<\/li>\n<li>Ke\u010f \u013eudia chr\u00e1pu, nesn\u00edvaj\u00fa.<\/li>\n<li>Slony (a niektor\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie zvierat\u00e1) spia v stoji po\u010das prv\u00fdch 4 f\u00e1z sp\u00e1nku, ale \u013eahn\u00fa si kv\u00f4li REM sp\u00e1nku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>E\u0161te\u00a0 sa odborn\u00edci, vedci ani oby\u010dajn\u00ed \u013eudia nezhodli na odpovediach na tieto ot\u00e1zky a u\u017e sa vyrojilo mnoho \u010fal\u0161\u00edch. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku si zhrnieme kr\u00e1tku<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7037","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7037","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7037"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7037\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7037"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7037"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7037"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}