<\/p>\n
\u013dudsk\u00e9 oko dok\u00e1\u017ee fyzicky zachyti\u0165 mili\u00f3ny farieb<\/strong>. Tieto farby v\u0161ak nevn\u00edmame v\u0161etci rovnako. Najprv si povieme nie\u010do o tom, \u010do s\u00fa to farby a ako na\u0161e o\u010di a mozog<\/strong> spolupracuj\u00fa na vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed obrazu a viden\u00ed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Farba<\/b> je vnem vyvolan\u00fd vstupom\u00a0 vidite\u013en\u00e9ho svetla ur\u010ditej vlnovej d\u013a\u017eky do oka.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Do n\u00e1\u0161ho oka vstupuje svetlo cez rohovku<\/strong> a \u010dierny otvor naz\u00fdvan\u00fd zrenica. Zrenice<\/strong> sa roz\u0161iruj\u00fa a zu\u017euj\u00fa v d\u00f4sledku zmeny mno\u017estva svetla a upravuj\u00fa ko\u013eko svetla vpustia do n\u00e1\u0161ho oka. Za zrenicou nasleduje o\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161o\u0161ovka<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 zaostrujeme obraz premietan\u00fd na sietnici. Sietnicu<\/strong> tvor\u00ed tenk\u00e1 vrstva zlo\u017een\u00e1 z mili\u00f3nov fotoreceptorov (ty\u010diniek a \u010dap\u00edkov)<\/strong>. Ty\u010dinky<\/strong> s\u00fa citliv\u00e9 na odtiene sivej<\/strong> a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa videnia za \u0161era. \u010cap\u00edky<\/strong> umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa farebn\u00e9 videnie<\/strong>. Fotoreceptory s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 s mozgom pomocou zrakov\u00fdch nervov<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie. Mozog<\/strong> spracuje inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 dostal a vytvor\u00ed obraz.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Po\u010det \u010dap\u00edkov aj ty\u010diniek v \u013eudskej sietnici nie je u ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jedinca rovnak\u00fd. Niekedy s\u00fa tieto fotoreceptory pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 vo ve\u013ekom mno\u017estve a niekedy je ich zast\u00fapenie minim\u00e1lne. V z\u00e1vislosti na po\u010dte a druhu \u010dap\u00edkov na sietnici sa vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa r\u00f4zne odch\u00fdlky od norm\u00e1lneho videnia.<\/strong> Nepr\u00edtomnos\u0165 \u010dap\u00edkov na sietnici alebo poru\u0161enie zrakov\u00e9ho nervu zapr\u00ed\u010di\u0148uje farboslepou, kedy \u010dlovek nevn\u00edma rozdiely medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi farbami.<\/p>\n Skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee po\u010det \u010dap\u00edkov v na\u0161ich o\u010diach sa zna\u010dne l\u00ed\u0161i<\/strong>, nazna\u010duje, \u017ee mozog mus\u00ed by\u0165 schopn\u00fd automaticky upravova\u0165 v\u00fdstup zo sietnice.<\/p>\n Jednotliv\u00e9 odch\u00fdlky vo vn\u00edman\u00ed farieb s\u00fa z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165ou druhu a po\u010dtu fotoreceptorov v sietnici, ale aj n\u00e1sledkom r\u00f4zneho spracov\u00e1vania t\u00fdchto impulzov v mozgu.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Zauj\u00edmav\u00fa odch\u00fdlku vo vn\u00edman\u00ed farieb predstavuje synest\u00e9zia<\/strong>. Tento jav spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee ak\u00fdko\u013evek podnet p\u00f4sobiaci na jeden zmyslov\u00fd org\u00e1n vyvol\u00e1va mimovo\u013ene aj pocit \u0161pecifick\u00fd pre in\u00fd zmyslov\u00fd org\u00e1n. Synest\u00e9zia sa \u010dasto ozna\u010duje ako spojenie zmyslov<\/strong>, kedy \u010dlovek m\u00f4\u017ee vidie\u0165 zvuky<\/strong> or po\u010du\u0165 farby<\/strong>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Vid\u00edme farby rovnako? (Foto: Nick Fewings)s\n Okrem n\u00e1\u0161ho individu\u00e1lneho biologick\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia<\/strong>, vn\u00edmanie farieb je aj o tom, ako n\u00e1\u0161 mozog interpretuje farby, aby vytvoril nie\u010do zmyslupln\u00e9<\/strong>. Vn\u00edmanie farieb prebieha hlavne v na\u0161om mozgu, a preto je ve\u013emi subjekt\u00edvne a n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na osobn\u00fa sk\u00fasenos\u0165.<\/p>\n Vn\u00edmanie farieb z\u00e1vis\u00ed aj od krajiny, v ktorej sme sa narodili a\u00a0 od jazyka, ak\u00fdm hovor\u00edme<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Niektor\u00e9 jazyky nerozli\u0161uj\u00fa lexik\u00e1lne modr\u00fa farbu od zelenej<\/strong>. Maj\u00fa iba jeden z\u00e1kladn\u00fd farebn\u00fd pojem, ktor\u00fd pomen\u00fava sveteln\u00e9 stimuly v stredn\u00fdch a kr\u00e1tkych vlnov\u00fdch d\u013a\u017ekach. In\u00e9 jazyky rozli\u0161uj\u00fa medzi modrou a zelenou farbou, ale maj\u00fa aj \u201ezmie\u0161an\u00e9\u201c farebn\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy pre r\u00f4zne odtiene a vari\u00e1cie t\u00fdchto farieb<\/strong>. Existuj\u00fa aj \u201etmav\u00e9 jazyky\u201c<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 nerozli\u0161uj\u00fa modr\u00fa od \u0161edej a \u010diernej.<\/strong> A niektor\u00e9 jazyky dokonca rozli\u0161uj\u00fa iba tmav\u00e9 od svetl\u00e9ho<\/strong>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n To, \u017ee nevid\u00edme farby rovnako potvrdzuje aj vedky\u0148a Kimberly Jameson , ktor\u00e1 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee existuj\u00fa rozdiely vo farebnom viden\u00ed medzi pohlaviami. \u0160pekuluje, \u017ee a\u017e 40 percent \u017eien m\u00e1 tetrachromatick\u00e9 farebn\u00e9 videnie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed m\u00e1 tri typy ku\u017ee\u013eov<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 absorbuj\u00fa svetlo v r\u00f4znych oblastiach farebn\u00e9ho spektra. Av\u0161ak 8 percent mu\u017eov (a zanedbate\u013en\u00fd po\u010det \u017eien) m\u00e1 iba dva typy ku\u017ee\u013eov<\/strong>. T\u00e1to porucha vznik\u00e1, ke\u010f vznikne geneticky mutantn\u00fd \u010derven\u00fd alebo zelen\u00fd g\u00e9n pre fotopigment na chromoz\u00f3me X.<\/p>\n Matky a dc\u00e9ry \u013eud\u00ed s takouto poruchou m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 typick\u00fd X chromoz\u00f3m a X chromoz\u00f3m, ktor\u00fd nesie jeden z deviantn\u00fdch \u010derven\u00fdch alebo zelen\u00fdch g\u00e9nov pre fotopigment. Vtedy bude ma\u0165 \u017eena 3 druhy norm\u00e1lnych \u010dap\u00edkov <\/strong>( pre zelen\u00fa, \u010derven\u00fa a modr\u00fa farbu) a deviantn\u00fd typ \u010dap\u00edkov<\/strong> z pozmenen\u00e9ho chromoz\u00f3mu.<\/p>\n Jameson tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee d\u00f4kazy o mo\u017enosti \u017eenskej \u013eudskej tetrachromacie<\/strong> mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 aj v \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nej r\u00ed\u0161i. Samice op\u00edc pav\u00fakovit\u00fdch<\/strong> maj\u00fa zvy\u010dajne 2 druhy \u010dap\u00edkov, ale niektor\u00e9 maj\u00fa variant g\u00e9nu navy\u0161e a maj\u00fa tri druhy \u010dap\u00edkov. Tak\u00e9to samice op\u00edc pav\u00fakovit\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017eu vn\u00edma\u0165 farebn\u00e9 odtiene, ktor\u00e9 in\u00e9 samice op\u00edc nem\u00f4\u017eu.<\/p>\n Opica pav\u00fakovit\u00e1 (Foto: InspiredImages z Pixabay)\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u013dudsk\u00e9 oko dok\u00e1\u017ee fyzicky zachyti\u0165 mili\u00f3ny farieb. Tieto farby v\u0161ak nevn\u00edmame v\u0161etci rovnako. Najprv si povieme nie\u010do o tom, \u010do s\u00fa to farby a<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7048","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7048"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7048\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7048"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7048"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7048"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Farba<\/h3>\n
Ako vid\u00edme<\/h3>\n
Odch\u00fdlky v stavbe oka<\/h3>\n
<\/h3>\n
Ke\u010f nevid\u00edme farby rovnako<\/h3>\n
Niektor\u00e9 \u017eeny vidia viac farieb ako ostatn\u00ed<\/h3>\n