{"id":7068,"date":"2021-07-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-14T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/co-je-marshmallow-test\/"},"modified":"2021-07-15T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-07-14T23:00:00","slug":"co-je-marshmallow-test","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/co-je-marshmallow-test\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010co je Marshmallow Test a \u010do n\u00e1m hovoria jeho v\u00fdsledky?"},"content":{"rendered":"P\u00f4vodn\u00fd Marshmallow Test sk\u00fama ako si deti dok\u00e1\u017eu odoprie\u0165 marshamllow cukr\u00edk aby nesk\u00f4r dostali dva cukr\u00edky (Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 foto: Wouter Supardi Salari)\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Marshamllow test (Stanford Marshmallow Experiment)<\/strong> zah\u0155\u0148a s\u00e9riu \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed psychol\u00f3ga Waltera Mishela na Stanfordskej univerzite. Cie\u013eom jeho pr\u00e1ce bolo lep\u0161ie pochopi\u0165 schopnos\u0165 die\u0165a\u0165a <strong>oddiali\u0165 svoje uspokojenie<\/strong>. V\u00fdskum bol publikovan\u00fd v roku <strong>1972<\/strong> a zah\u0155\u0148al desiatky det\u00ed, z ktor\u00fdch v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina bola vo veku <strong>od 4 do 5 rokov<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00e9 die\u0165a malo pred sebou dilemu: \u201e<em>Dajte si teraz jednu marshmallow alebo po\u010dkajte 15 min\u00fat a dostanete dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00fd po\u010det cukroviniek.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Po polo\u017een\u00ed ot\u00e1zky zostali deti samy s cukr\u00edkom marshmallow, aby uva\u017eovali o svojom rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Niektor\u00e9 deti zjedli marshmallow hne\u010f, ako v\u00fdskumn\u00edk opustil miestnos\u0165, zatia\u013e \u010do in\u00e9 sa zv\u0155tali na svojich stoli\u010dk\u00e1ch a pok\u00fa\u0161ali sa odola\u0165 poku\u0161eniu.<\/p>\n<p>Po zisten\u00ed v\u00fdsledkov uverejnili vedci hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee absolvovanie Marshmallow testu by mohlo by\u0165 <strong>skor\u00fdm indik\u00e1torom bud\u00facich \u00faspechov die\u0165a\u0165a v \u0161kole, zamestnan\u00ed a dokonca aj v \u017eivote v\u0161eobecne<\/strong>. Tieto zistenia boli predmetom sk\u00famania v posledn\u00fdch rokoch.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Zopakovanie testu v roku 2018<\/h3>\n<p>V roku <strong>2018<\/strong> vy\u0161la nov\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia nadv\u00e4zuj\u00faca na skor\u0161ie pr\u00e1ce Standfordsk\u00e9ho experimentu. P\u00f4vodn\u00fd v\u00fdskum toti\u017e zah\u0155\u0148al len okolo <strong>90 det\u00ed<\/strong>, z ktor\u00fdch v\u0161etky boli zaraden\u00e9 do Stanfordsk\u00e9ho pred\u0161kolsk\u00e9ho zariadenia (mnoh\u00e9 z nich boli <strong>de\u0165mi stanfordsk\u00fdch \u0161tudentov a profesorov<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>Experiment z roku 2018 bol navrhnut\u00fd tak, aby viac reprezentoval \u0161irok\u00fa verejnos\u0165. Z\u00fa\u010dastnilo sa na \u0148om viac ako <strong>900 det\u00ed z r\u00f4znych r\u00e1s, etnick\u00fdch skup\u00edn a s r\u00f4znou \u00farov\u0148ou rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9ho vzdelnia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Vedci na\u0161li iba <strong>obmedzen\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy<\/strong> nazna\u010duj\u00face, \u017ee de\u0165om, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1zali oddiali\u0165 svoje uspokojenie v marshmallow teste, sa v \u017eivote darilo lep\u0161ie. Namiesto toho zistili, \u017ee <strong>soci\u00e1lno-ekonomick\u00fd status die\u0165a\u0165a (SES) je silnej\u0161\u00edm indik\u00e1torom dlhodob\u00e9ho \u00faspechu<\/strong>. Deti z bohat\u0161\u00edch rod\u00edn alebo s rodi\u010dmi s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm vzdelan\u00edm s\u00fa odmali\u010dka viac veden\u00e9 ku kontinu\u00e1lnej pr\u00e1ci, ktor\u00e1 prin\u00e1\u0161a lep\u0161ie v\u00fdsledky. Naopak deti zo slab\u0161\u00edch rod\u00edn, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou nemaj\u00fa podobn\u00fd vzor a rad\u0161ej sa uspokoja s men\u0161ou ale okam\u017eitou odmenou.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"The Marshmallow Test | Igniter Media | Church Video\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QX_oy9614HQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>M\u00f4\u017eu Marshmallow test spravi\u0165 zvierat\u00e1?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Michael James Beran<\/strong>, profesor psychol\u00f3gie a spoluriadite\u013e Centra jazykov\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu na Georgia State University, zameral svoj v\u00fdskum na kognit\u00edvnu kontrolu u prim\u00e1tov. Jeho pr\u00e1ca zah\u0155\u0148a sledovanie oneskoren\u00e9ho uspokojenia u deti a u prim\u00e1tov.<\/p>\n<p>Beran vytvoril <strong>verziu testu<\/strong> marshmallow pre <strong>\u0161impanzy. <\/strong>Tie mohli \u010daka\u0165 na lep\u0161iu odmenu (<strong>ban\u00e1n<\/strong>) alebo stla\u010di\u0165 tla\u010didlo a okam\u017eite z\u00edska\u0165 hor\u0161iu odmenu (<strong>mrkvu<\/strong>). \u010casto \u010dakali nieko\u013eko min\u00fat na lep\u0161iu odmenu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm testom<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd vyvinul, bolo testovanie, \u010di \u0161impanzy nechaj\u00fa potravu na pokoji, ak sa hromada potravy zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161uje a nie je pod kontrolou. <strong>\u0160impanzi to dok\u00e1zali<\/strong>. Vyu\u017e\u00edvali pri tom takzvan\u00e9 <strong>met\u00f3dy odv\u00e1dzania pozornosti<\/strong> (napr\u00edklad sa pozerali zatia\u013e do \u010dasopisu), k\u00fdm sa hromadila potrava.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n \u0160impanzi si rad\u0161ej po\u010dkaj\u00fa na ban\u00e1n ako na mrkvu (Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 foto: Vanessa Loring)\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Oddialenie uspokojenia v pr\u00edrode<\/h3>\n<p>V pr\u00edrode m\u00f4\u017eeme sledova\u0165 oddialenie uspokojenia napr\u00edklad u <strong>zvierat s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm postaven\u00edm<\/strong>. Tak\u00e9to zvierat\u00e1 \u010dakaj\u00fa, k\u00fdm sa dominantnej\u0161ie zvierat\u00e1 presun\u00fa pre\u010d od zdroju potravy. Keby trpezlivo ne\u010dakali, dominantn\u00e9 zviera by videlo ich jedlo a zobralo by si ho. <em>\u201eUrobi\u0165 to, vy\u017eaduje inhibi\u010dn\u00fa kontrolu a mo\u017eno aj ur\u010dit\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 strategiz\u00e1cie. Ak to dosiahnem nesk\u00f4r je to bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie, \u201c <\/em>uv\u00e1dza vo svojej pr\u00e1ci Beran.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdskum na s\u00e9piach<\/h3>\n<p>V <strong>marci 2021<\/strong> boli zverejnen\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky Marshmallow testu so s\u00e9piami. V\u00fdskum dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee m\u00e4kk\u00fd\u0161e boli schopn\u00e9 tolerova\u0165 oneskorenie<strong> 50 a\u017e 130 sek\u00fand<\/strong>, aby z\u00edskal svoju po\u017eadovan\u00fa koris\u0165 (krevety). Uk\u00e1zalo sa tie\u017e, \u017ee s\u00e9pie, ktor\u00e9 <strong>dok\u00e1zali najdlh\u0161ie \u010daka\u0165 na svoje ob\u013e\u00faben\u00e9 jedlo<\/strong>, si tie\u017e <strong>najlep\u0161ie po\u010d\u00ednali po\u010das testov u\u010denia<\/strong>. Pod\u013ea vedcov to bolo po prv\u00fd raz, ke\u010f sa <strong>preuk\u00e1zala s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi sebakontrolou a v\u00fdkonmi v u\u010den\u00ed u zvierat<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa prim\u00e1tmi.<\/p>\n S\u00e9pie s lep\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdsledkami v Marshmallow teste dosahovali aj lep\u0161ie v\u00fdsledky po\u010das u\u010denia (Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 foto: Francis Nie)\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Marshamllow test (Stanford Marshmallow Experiment) zah\u0155\u0148a s\u00e9riu \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed psychol\u00f3ga Waltera Mishela na Stanfordskej univerzite. Cie\u013eom jeho pr\u00e1ce bolo lep\u0161ie pochopi\u0165 schopnos\u0165 die\u0165a\u0165a oddiali\u0165 svoje<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7068","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7068","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7068"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7068\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7068"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7068"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7068"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}