{"id":7093,"date":"2021-08-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-08-02T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/severoamericky-narod-haida-a-jeho-dedicstvo\/"},"modified":"2021-08-03T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-08-02T23:00:00","slug":"severoamericky-narod-haida-a-jeho-dedicstvo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/severoamericky-narod-haida-a-jeho-dedicstvo\/","title":{"rendered":"Severoamerick\u00fd n\u00e1rod Haida a jeho dedi\u010dstvo"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe title=\"David Suzuki participates in Totem Pole Raising Ceremony in Haida Gwaii (The Sacred Balance excerpt)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9p64LWW85fA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Haida<\/strong> s\u00fa p\u00f4vodn\u00ed obyvatelia Severnej Ameriky, ktor\u00ed obsadili <strong>pobre\u017en\u00e9 z\u00e1livy a z\u00e1toky ostrova Haida Gwaii<\/strong> v <strong>Britskej Kolumbii<\/strong>. Pred kontaktom s eur\u00f3pskou civiliz\u00e1ciou mala popul\u00e1cia Haida <strong>desa\u0165tis\u00edce \u013eud\u00ed<\/strong>. T\u00edto \u013eudia \u017eili v men\u0161\u00edch komunit\u00e1ch po celom ostrove Haida Gwaii. Hlavne v d\u00f4sledku <strong>zanesenia chor\u00f4b pri prv\u00fdch kontaktoch<\/strong> sa popul\u00e1cia kme\u0148a Haida enormne zmen\u0161ila. Pri s\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed \u013eudu v roku <strong>2016<\/strong> sa k p\u00f4vodu Haida prihl\u00e1silo <strong>501 \u013eud\u00ed<\/strong>, pri\u010dom 445 \u013eud\u00ed sa ozna\u010dilo aj za hovorcov <strong>jazyka Haida<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Orol alebo Havran<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Haida<\/strong> je rozdelen\u00e1 na<strong> 2 soci\u00e1lne skupiny<\/strong>, skupinu <strong>Orol<\/strong> a skupinu <strong>Havran<\/strong>. Vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov sa sob\u00e1\u0161ili \u010dlenovia klanu Orol s \u010dlenmi klanu Havran. \u010clenstvo v jednom z dvoch klanov\u00a0 bolo<strong> matriline\u00e1lne<\/strong>. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zaradenia do klanu sa <strong>dedilo po matke<\/strong> a nie po otcovi.\u00a0 Antropol\u00f3govia predpokladaj\u00fa, \u017ee matrilinearita, kedy maj\u00fa \u017eeny d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie postavenie v skupine, s\u00favis\u00ed s t\u00fdm, \u017ee <strong>pri naroden\u00ed die\u0165a\u0165a je toto\u017enos\u0165 matky v\u017edy ist\u00e1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Jednotlivci verejne prezentovali \u010dlenstvo v klane prostredn\u00edctvom uk\u00e1\u017eky <strong>zdeden\u00fdch rodinn\u00fdch erbov<\/strong>, vytesan\u00fdch na <strong>totemoch pred domami<\/strong> a nama\u013eovan\u00fdch na <strong>vojnov\u00fdch kanoe a mask\u00e1ch<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Obrady Potlatch<\/h3>\n<p>Potlatch je obrad sp\u00e1jaj\u00faci <strong>riadiacu \u0161trukt\u00faru n\u00e1roda, jeho kult\u00faru a duchovn\u00e9 trad\u00edcie indi\u00e1nskych kme\u0148ov<\/strong>. Jeho hlavn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delom je <strong>prerozdelenie bohatstva medzi \u010dlenmi klanu<\/strong>. \u010clenovia, ktor\u00ed nadobudli ve\u013ek\u00e9 materi\u00e1lne bohatstvo, darcovia, obdar\u00favaj\u00fa ostatn\u00fdch \u010dlenov. Po\u010das obradu sa takisto ude\u013euj\u00fa <strong>postavenia a hodnosti jednotlivcom a klanom.<\/strong> Ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou obradu je aj <strong>stanovovanie n\u00e1rokov na men\u00e1, pr\u00e1vomoci a pr\u00e1va na po\u013eovn\u00edcke a ryb\u00e1rske \u00fazemia.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Potlatch<\/strong> sa be\u017ene kon\u00e1 pri <strong>d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch spolo\u010densk\u00fdch udalostiach<\/strong>, ako s\u00fa<strong> man\u017eelstv\u00e1, p\u00f4rody a pohreby<\/strong>. Ve\u013ek\u00fd potlatch m\u00f4\u017ee trva\u0165 aj nieko\u013eko dn\u00ed. Zah\u0155\u0148a <strong>hodovanie, duchovn\u00e9 tance, spev a divadeln\u00e9 uk\u00e1\u017eky<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Kwakwa\u0331ka\u0331\u02bcwakw Potlatch: To Give\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/InhQg1sLXSI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em> \u201eNa\u0161a kult\u00fara sa rod\u00ed z re\u0161pektu a intimity s pevninou, morom a vzduchom okolo n\u00e1s. Rovnako ako lesy, aj korene na\u0161ich \u013eud\u00ed s\u00fa prepleten\u00e9 tak, \u017ee najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie probl\u00e9my n\u00e1s nedok\u00e1\u017eu prem\u00f4c\u0165. Za svoju existenciu v\u010fa\u010d\u00edme Haida Gwaii. \u017div\u00e1 gener\u00e1cia prij\u00edma zodpovednos\u0165 za zaistenie toho, aby sa na\u0161e dedi\u010dstvo odovzdalo nasleduj\u00facim gener\u00e1ci\u00e1m.\u201c<\/em> \u00a0 \u00dastava Haidy<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Koloni\u00e1lna hist\u00f3ria<\/h3>\n<p>V\u0161eobecne sa ver\u00ed, \u017ee<strong> prv\u00fd zaznamenan\u00fd eur\u00f3psky kontakt bol v roku 1774 so \u0161panielskym prieskumn\u00edkom Juanom P\u00e9rezom.<\/strong> V roku <strong>1787<\/strong> britsk\u00fd kapit\u00e1n George Dixon inicioval obchod s Haidou pre <strong>ko\u017eu\u0161iny morsk\u00fdch vydier<\/strong>. Od tohto roku a\u017e <strong>do polovice 19. storo\u010dia<\/strong> mala Haida v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 postavenie v obchode s vydr\u00edmi ko\u017eu\u0161inami.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Eur\u00f3pski osadn\u00edci<\/strong> v\u00fdrazne os\u00eddlili <strong>ostrov Haida Gwaii<\/strong> a\u017e na za\u010diatku<strong> 20. storo\u010dia<\/strong>. Rada n\u00e1roda Haida odhaduje, \u017ee popul\u00e1cia ostrova pred kontaktom bola v desa\u0165tis\u00edcoch, \u010do je po\u010det, ktor\u00fd podporuj\u00fa aj z\u00e1znamy ran\u00fdch obchodn\u00edkov s ko\u017eu\u0161inami.<\/p>\n<p><strong>N\u00e1rod Haida<\/strong> e\u0161te pred pr\u00edchodom Eur\u00f3panov viedol <strong>vojny s in\u00fdmi domorod\u00fdmi n\u00e1rodmi Severnej Ameriky. <\/strong>Pri t\u00fdchto vojensk\u00fdch exped\u00edcia vyu\u017e\u00edvali <strong>dlh\u00e9 morsk\u00e9 kanoe, <\/strong>ktor\u00e9 sa dostali sa a\u017e po <strong>\u0161t\u00e1t Washington. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1siln\u00e9 konfront\u00e1cie medzi Eur\u00f3panmi a \u010dlenmi n\u00e1roda Haida neboli \u010dast\u00e9.\u00a0Napriek tomu pr\u00edchod osadn\u00edkov z Eur\u00f3py zn\u00ed\u017eil<strong> do roku 1915<\/strong> popul\u00e1ciu Haidy z nieko\u013eko <strong>desa\u0165tis\u00edc<\/strong> na <strong>600<\/strong>. Tento rap\u00eddny pokles zapr\u00ed\u010dinili hlavne dovezen\u00e9<strong> kiahne<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Po roku 1915\u00a0 Eur\u00f3pania st\u00e1le viac zasahovali do \u00fazem\u00ed Haidy. P\u00f4vodn\u00ed obyvatelia boli n\u00faten\u00ed sa s\u0165ahova\u0165 na men\u0161ie a menej \u00farodn\u00e9 pozemky. Nesk\u00f4r <strong>Kanadsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da<\/strong> za\u010dala ich deti do reziden\u010dn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l, kde im aj \u010fal\u0161\u00edm domorod\u00fdm de\u0165om<strong> zakazovali hovori\u0165 ich jazykmi a praktizova\u0165 ich trad\u00edcie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>V roku <strong>2008<\/strong> bola spusten\u00e1 <strong>Kanadsk\u00e1 komisia pre pravdu a zmierenie (TRC)<\/strong> ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 dohody o urovnan\u00ed <strong>indi\u00e1nskych reziden\u010dn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l<\/strong> (IRSSA). TRC pripravuje postup, ktor\u00fd prevedie Kana\u010fanov <strong>\u0165a\u017ek\u00fdm odha\u013eovan\u00edm pravdy a faktov za syst\u00e9mom \u0161kolsk\u00fdch domov<\/strong>. TRC takisto d\u00fafa, \u017ee sa jej podar\u00ed polo\u017ei\u0165 z\u00e1klady pre<strong> trval\u00e9 zmierenia v obyvate\u013estva v celej Kanade<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>N\u00e1rod Haida vs Britsk\u00e1 Kolumbia<\/h3>\n<p>N\u00e1rod Haida sa prihl\u00e1sil k domorod\u00e9mu titulu nad celou Haidou Gwaii. Nedok\u00e1zal v\u0161ak dosiahnu\u0165 <strong>form\u00e1lnu zmluvu s vl\u00e1dou Britskej Kolumbie<\/strong>, a preto odst\u00fapil od rokovan\u00ed o zmluve. Aj ke\u010f neuspeli v osamostatnen\u00ed, dosiahli v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 \u00faspechy v mnoh\u00fdch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch rokovaniach vr\u00e1tane <strong>ochrany kult\u00farne v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed<\/strong>, <strong>zn\u00ed\u017eenia \u0165a\u017eby dreva na polovicu<\/strong>,<strong> pr\u00edstupu k zdrojom a s\u00favisiac\u00fdch pr\u00edjmov<\/strong> and<strong> zv\u00fd\u0161enia ochrany \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina obyvate\u013estva sa venuje<strong> rybolovu, \u0165a\u017ebe dreva <\/strong>and<strong> eko-turizmu. <\/strong>Okrem rybolovu je n\u00e1rod zn\u00e1my hlavne pre svoje<strong> tradi\u010dn\u00e9 umenie.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 prostredie na ostrove Haida Gwaii (Foto: Cory Schadt)\n<pre id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large XcVN5d tw-ta\" data-placeholder=\"Preklad\"><\/pre>\n<p>Hlavn\u00e9 zdroje: coastfunds.ca, canadianencyklopedia.ca,<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Haida s\u00fa p\u00f4vodn\u00ed obyvatelia Severnej Ameriky, ktor\u00ed obsadili pobre\u017en\u00e9 z\u00e1livy a z\u00e1toky ostrova Haida Gwaii v Britskej Kolumbii. Pred kontaktom s eur\u00f3pskou civiliz\u00e1ciou mala<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7093","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7093"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7093\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7093"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7093"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7093"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}