{"id":7120,"date":"2021-08-19T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-08-18T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/mozu-byt-astronauti-telesne-hendikepovani-europa-a-jej-parastronauti-ma-byt-dalsi-skok-pre-ludstvo\/"},"modified":"2021-08-19T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-08-18T23:00:00","slug":"mozu-byt-astronauti-telesne-hendikepovani-europa-a-jej-parastronauti-ma-byt-dalsi-skok-pre-ludstvo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/mozu-byt-astronauti-telesne-hendikepovani-europa-a-jej-parastronauti-ma-byt-dalsi-skok-pre-ludstvo\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 astronauti telesne hendikepovan\u00ed? Eur\u00f3pa a jej parastronauti maj\u00fa by\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00ed skok pre \u013eudstvo"},"content":{"rendered":"T\u00e9me sa venoval Bloomberg (videoreport\u00e1\u017e)<\/span>\n

Eur\u00f3pska vesm\u00edrna agent\u00fara sk\u00fama mo\u017enos\u0165 bud\u00faceho n\u00e1boru zdravotne postihnut\u00fdch astronautov<\/strong>, zn\u00e1mych aj ako parastronauti. Tento krok znamen\u00e1 obrovsk\u00fd skok vpred v dosahovan\u00ed rovnocennosti medzi \u013eu\u010fmi, z\u00e1rove\u0148 je to historick\u00fd precedens. Skuto\u010dne m\u00f4\u017ee nulov\u00e1 gravit\u00e1cia zru\u0161i\u0165 na\u0161e predstavy o tom, \u010do vlastne znamen\u00e1 by\u0165 zdravotne postihnut\u00fd?<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f NASA vykon\u00e1vala n\u00e1bor na astronautov pre misie Apollo, s\u00fastredila sa na \u00faplne zdrav\u00fdch uch\u00e1dza\u010dov a aj t\u00fdch selektovala. Preto si Ameri\u010dania vyberali astronautov v U.S. Airforce a preferovali prototyp siln\u00e9ho schopn\u00e9ho a zdrav\u00e9ho mu\u017ea.<\/p>\n

Stopercentn\u00e9 zdravie je s\u00edce prakticky nedosiahnute\u013en\u00e9, pr\u00e1ve preto je potrebn\u00e9 vybera\u0165 si na vesm\u00edrne misie iba tak\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa v \u010do mo\u017eno najlep\u0161ej fyzickej kond\u00edcii, odoln\u00ed, vytrval\u00ed, celkovo zdrav\u00ed a bez v\u00e1\u017enych predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich zdravotn\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov. Ke\u010f sa toti\u017e nie\u010do stane na obe\u017enej dr\u00e1he Zeme alebo e\u0161te \u010falej, mo\u017enosti lie\u010dby s\u00fa ve\u013emi obmedzen\u00e9 a v\u00e1\u017ene zdravotn\u00e9 komplik\u00e1cie jedn\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka misie ju m\u00f4\u017eu cel\u00fa zmari\u0165, pr\u00edpadne sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 smr\u0165 ostatn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov.<\/p>\n

Len\u017ee nie je zdravie ako zdravie. To, \u017ee m\u00e1 nejak\u00e1 osoba amputovan\u00fa nohu, automaticky nemus\u00ed znamena\u0165, \u017ee je n\u00e1chylnej\u0161ia robi\u0165 chyby, nezvl\u00e1da\u0165 stres alebo \u013eah\u0161ie podlieha\u0165 zdravotn\u00fdm rizik\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Cie\u013eom Eur\u00f3pskej vesm\u00edrnej agent\u00fary m\u00e1 by\u0165 zlep\u0161enie dostupnosti vesm\u00edrneho v\u00fdskumu. Argument stojaci za touto my\u0161lienkou je pomerne siln\u00fd: to, \u010do pova\u017eujeme u n\u00e1s, na Zemi, za hendikep, sa v beztia\u017eovom stave nemus\u00ed prejavova\u0165 ako postihnutie v\u00f4bec. Ak v beztia\u017eovom stave odpad\u00e1va potreba pohybu obidvomi nohami, v takom pr\u00edpade by teoreticky aj jednonoh\u00fd mohol fungova\u0165 bez probl\u00e9mov.<\/p>\n

Predch\u00e1dzaj\u00face m\u00ed\u013eniky hist\u00f3rie vesm\u00edrneho v\u00fdskumu v kontexte jeho dostupnosti v\u0161etk\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom boli spr\u00edstupnenie letov do vesm\u00edru aj osob\u00e1m s inou farbou pleti ako bielou (Guion Bluford, USA, 1983) a \u017een\u00e1m (Valentina Tereshkova, Rusko, 1963, a Sally Ride, USA, 1983).<\/p>\n

The Gallaudet Eleven<\/h3>\n

Prv\u00ed americk\u00ed astronauti boli vybran\u00ed v roku 1959 a v\u0161etci boli vojaci. Mali spolo\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti, ktor\u00e9 by sme dnes naz\u00fdvali chlapsk\u00fdmi, navy\u0161e mali vynikaj\u00face kognit\u00edvne schopnosti a celkovo odoln\u00fa psychiku. D\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 t\u00fdchto vlastnost\u00ed je nesporn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Len\u017ee e\u0161te predt\u00fdm existovala skupina jeden\u00e1stich \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00fdch dal dokopy \u0161pecialista na vesm\u00edrne lety Ashton Graybiel. Jeden\u00e1s\u0165 mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed boli s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou projektu Gallaudet Project a naz\u00fdvali sa The Gallaudet Eleven.<\/p>\n Skupina dobrovo\u013en\u00edkov Gallaudet Project. L\u00edder skupiny, Ashton Graybiel, cielene vybral nepo\u010duj\u00facich.\n

Boli to \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed by mo\u017eno nemohli letie\u0165 do vesm\u00edru, ale mali jednu spolo\u010dn\u00fa vlastnos\u0165 – boli nepo\u010duj\u00faci. Spin\u00e1lna meningit\u00edda naru\u0161ila ich vestibul\u00e1rny syst\u00e9m vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho ucha, zn\u00e1my ako labyrint. U n\u00e1s na Zemi je hluchota nepriazniv\u00e1 vlastnos\u0165, ale ako uk\u00e1zali extr\u00e9mne testy, t\u00edto \u013eudia nepoci\u0165ovali \u017eiadne probl\u00e9my pri extr\u00e9mnych pre\u0165a\u017eeniach, zr\u00fdchleniach \u010di na dlhej plavbe na rozb\u00farenom mori. Tam, kde ostatn\u00ed \u013eudia vracali a trpeli kinet\u00f3zami, t\u00fdchto jeden\u00e1s\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed nepoci\u0165ovalo diskomfort.<\/p>\n

Eur\u00f3pska vesm\u00edrna agent\u00fara pripravuje n\u00e1bor astronautov prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t od roku 2008 a hne\u010f sa pritom p\u00fa\u0161\u0165a do projektu spr\u00edstup\u0148ovania vesm\u00edrneho v\u00fdskumu aj pre telesne hendikepovan\u00fdch. \u013dudia z ESA pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa, \u017ee maj\u00fa zdravotn\u00e9 \u0161tandardy na uch\u00e1dza\u010dov, ale nie v\u017edy m\u00e1 zmysel pova\u017eova\u0165 za tak\u00fdto \u0161tandard aj \u00faplnos\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch kon\u010dat\u00edn a \u00fadov.<\/p>\n

V prvom kroku ESA definovala typy telesn\u00fdch postihnut\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 chce podrobne presk\u00fama\u0165. Ide o amput\u00e1cie doln\u00fdch kon\u010dat\u00edn, rozli\u0161uje pritom d\u013a\u017eku amputovanej nohy.<\/p>\n

Cel\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165 je zna\u010dne komplikovanej\u0161ia, samozrejme. Aj telesne \u201e\u00fapln\u00ed\u201c astronauti musia po\u010das vesm\u00edrnych misi\u00ed akt\u00edvne \u0161portova\u0165, preto\u017ee v nulovej gravit\u00e1cii str\u00e1caj\u00fa svalstvo a redn\u00fa im kosti. Musia cvi\u010di\u0165 a\u017e dve hodiny \u0161es\u0165kr\u00e1t t\u00fd\u017edenne. Bude potrebn\u00e9 nach\u00e1dza\u0165 odpovede aj na to, ako m\u00f4\u017ee \u00fa\u010das\u0165 na vesm\u00edrnej misii vpl\u00fdva\u0165 na celkov\u00e9 zdravie astronauta, ak by mu zdravotn\u00e9 postihnutie br\u00e1nilo v takomto cvi\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dobrou spr\u00e1vou je, \u017ee ke\u010f sa sna\u017e\u00edme nach\u00e1dza\u0165 odpovede a rie\u0161enia, oby\u010dajne ich aj n\u00e1jdeme. Je preto celkom re\u00e1lne predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee u\u017e o nieko\u013eko rokov budeme skuto\u010dne \u010d\u00edta\u0165 o prvom parastronautovi, prvom \u010dloveku, ktor\u00fd letel do vesm\u00edru aj s telesn\u00fdm hendikepom.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vesm\u00edrny v\u00fdskum sa m\u00e1 pos\u00fava\u0165 vpred nielen po technologickej, ale aj spolo\u010denskej a etickej str\u00e1nke. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm skokom \u013eudstva tak m\u00e1 by\u0165 spr\u00edstupnenie vesm\u00edrnych letov aj pre telesne postihnut\u00fdch vedcov.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7120"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7120\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}