{"id":7229,"date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-10T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/historia-drog-v-psychologii-ako-pomahali-a-na-co-sa-pouzivali\/"},"modified":"2021-10-11T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-10-10T23:00:00","slug":"historia-drog-v-psychologii-ako-pomahali-a-na-co-sa-pouzivali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/historia-drog-v-psychologii-ako-pomahali-a-na-co-sa-pouzivali\/","title":{"rendered":"Hist\u00f3ria drog v psychol\u00f3gi\u00ed, ako pom\u00e1hali a na \u010do sa pou\u017e\u00edvali"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u00f4vodn\u00e9 spolo\u010denstv\u00e1 a n\u00e1rody na z\u00e1padnej pologuli u\u017e tis\u00edce rokov pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa rastliny obsahuj\u00face halucinog\u00e9nne l\u00e1tky. Posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 huby v Mexiku naz\u00fdvali Azt\u00e9kovia \u201eBo\u017eie m\u00e4so\u201c. V priebehu 19. storo\u010dia praktikovali Apa\u010di na juhoz\u00e1pade USA peyotov\u00fd obrad, ktor\u00fd prijali mnoh\u00e9 r\u00f4zne kmene.<\/p>\n

Psychedelick\u00e9 drogy maj\u00fa neobvykl\u00fa schopnos\u0165 vyvola\u0165 najmenej jeden druh mysticko-n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u017eitku<\/strong> a pozit\u00edvna zmena n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho c\u00edtenia je be\u017en\u00fdm zisten\u00edm v \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch o pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed t\u00fdchto drog. Ich z\u00e1stancovia tvrdia, \u017ee drogy zvy\u0161uj\u00fa aj osobn\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165<\/strong>, a \u017ee zo sebad\u00f4very m\u00f4\u017ee prameni\u0165 d\u00f4vera vo\u010di ostatn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Americk\u00fd filozof a psychol\u00f3g William James na za\u010diatku 20. storo\u010dia poznamenal, \u017ee \u201ena\u0161e norm\u00e1lne bdel\u00e9 vedomie, racion\u00e1lne vedomie, ako ho naz\u00fdvame, je iba jedn\u00fdm \u0161peci\u00e1lnym typom vedomia z mnoh\u00fdch. Pod\u013ea r\u00f4znych v\u00fdskumov existuj\u00fa potenci\u00e1lne \u00faplne odli\u0161n\u00e9 formy vedomia<\/strong>.\u201c<\/p>\n

Niektor\u00ed \u013eudia \u00famyselne h\u013eadaj\u00fa tieto in\u00e9 formy vedomia pomocou drog a v\u010faka tomu vedia svoje obzory a vn\u00edmanie roz\u0161irova\u0165.<\/p>\n Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia (MDMA)\n

MDMA<\/h3>\n

Metyl\u00e9ndioxymetamfetam\u00edn (MDMA<\/strong>) je zn\u00e1my aj ako \u201eext\u00e1za\u201c kv\u00f4li extatick\u00fdm pocitom, ktor\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1va u u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. Aj ke\u010f mnoh\u00ed odmietaj\u00fa drogu ako nebezpe\u010dn\u00fa l\u00e1tku, niektor\u00ed vedci tvrdia, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 pozit\u00edvne terapeutick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie, pri\u010dom pri spr\u00e1vnom doh\u013eade je riziko po\u0161kodenia minim\u00e1lne.<\/p>\n

Hist\u00f3ria ext\u00e1zy za\u010d\u00edna v roku 1912, ke\u010f ju chemici v spolo\u010dnosti Merck Pharmaceuticals omylom objavili, pri pokuse vyvin\u00fa\u0165 vazokonstriktor na zastavenie krv\u00e1cania<\/strong>.\u00a0Po tomto prvom popise chemick\u00e9ho vzorca v roku 1912 boli v spolo\u010dnosti Merck v roku 1927 vykonan\u00e9 niektor\u00e9 farmakologick\u00e9 testy, aj ke\u010f detaily t\u00fdchto experimentov je bohu\u017eia\u013e \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 vystopova\u0165. Psychologick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky MDMA na \u013eud\u00ed boli vedecky sk\u00faman\u00e9 a\u017e koncom sedemdesiatych rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia1.<\/p>\n

Na za\u010diatku 70. rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia za\u010dala mal\u00e1 skupina terapeutov a v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov sk\u00fama\u0165 potenci\u00e1l MDMA a jeho terapeutick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie. MDMA podporovala pre\u017e\u00edvanie em\u00f3ci\u00ed zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm reakcie strachu<\/strong> na vn\u00edman\u00e9 emocion\u00e1lne hrozby. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed za kontrolovan\u00fdch terapeutick\u00fdch podmienok neexistovali \u017eiadne priame, pozorovate\u013en\u00e9 a \u0161kodliv\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky<\/strong>. Napr\u00edklad terapia asistovan\u00e1 MDMA pomohla osob\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 pre\u017eili traumu, ponori\u0165 sa do kore\u0148a svojich probl\u00e9mov\u00fdch spomienok; za\u017eili lie\u010div\u00fa katarziu a n\u00e1sledne fungovali efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie a \u0161\u0165astnej\u0161ie.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia (psychoterapia)\n

Americk\u00fd chemik Alexander Shulgin bol prv\u00fdm, kto zdokumentoval \u0161t\u00fadie o psychoakt\u00edvnych vlastnostiach MDMA. Spolu s doktorom Davidom Nicholsonom vykonal \u0161t\u00fadiu o \u00fa\u010dinkoch MDMA s v\u00fdsledkami publikovan\u00fdmi v The Pharmacology of Hallucinogens v roku 1978. Shulgin c\u00edtil, \u017ee droga m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 cenn\u00e1 pri terapii<\/strong>, a v roku 1977 sa o \u0148u podelil so svojim priate\u013eom psychoterapeutom Leom Zeffom. Zeff bol svojou sk\u00fasenos\u0165ou ohromen\u00fd a predstavil ju aj \u010fal\u0161\u00edm terapeutom, ktor\u00ed ju roz\u0161\u00edrili.<\/p>\n

Shulginovo a Zeffovo nad\u0161enie pre MDMA ako terapeutick\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroja in\u0161pirovalo k \u0161ir\u0161iemu pou\u017e\u00edvaniu drogy v psychoterapii od 70. rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia. Do osemdesiatych rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia viac ako 1 000 terapeutov pou\u017e\u00edvalo drogu ako terapeutick\u00fa pom\u00f4cku.<\/p>\n

Od chv\u00edle, kedy bola \u201eznovuobjaven\u00e1\u201c, a\u017e k\u00fdm sa jej pou\u017e\u00edvanie nestalo nez\u00e1konn\u00fdm, bolo podan\u00fdch odhadom 500 000 d\u00e1vok.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Terapeuti bojovali proti obmedzeniu MDMA, preto\u017ee ho pova\u017eovali za terapeutick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj a nechceli, aby mal rovnak\u00fd osud ako LSD, ktor\u00e9 feder\u00e1lna vl\u00e1da v USA zak\u00e1zala v roku 1967<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

MDMA z\u00edskala vysok\u00fa popularitu v osemdesiatych rokoch minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia ako rekrea\u010dn\u00e1 droga<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Toto zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvanie padlo do oka Agent\u00fare pre presadzovanie drog (DEA), ktor\u00e1 v roku 1984 zverejnila ozn\u00e1menie, \u017ee m\u00e1 v \u00famysle vyhl\u00e1si\u0165 MDMA za liek zaraden\u00fd do zoznamu zak\u00e1zan\u00fdch l\u00e1tok. V d\u00f4sledku toho skupina psychoterapeutov, lek\u00e1rov, pr\u00e1vnikov a vedcov po\u017eiadala o vypo\u010dutie a proces.<\/p>\n

Vedci zistili, \u017ee MDMA pomohla jednotlivcom v terapii lep\u0161ie vyjadri\u0165 svoje pocity, z\u00edska\u0165 straten\u00e9 traumatick\u00e9 spomienky a zmierni\u0165 emocion\u00e1lne sympt\u00f3my sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 t\u00fdmito spomienkami. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci konferencie uprednostnili, aby sa MDMA stal pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm medic\u00ednskym prostriedkom, preto\u017ee v\u00fdskum uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee m\u00e1 v\u00fdborn\u00fd terapeutick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, a potenci\u00e1l na zneu\u017e\u00edvanie iba n\u00edzky. Tie\u017e pouk\u00e1zali na to, \u017ee od za\u010diatku jeho pou\u017e\u00edvania v 70. rokoch minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia neboli hl\u00e1sen\u00e9 \u017eiadne \u00famrtia s\u00favisiace s MDMA.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Napriek \u00fasiliu psychologickej komunity pova\u017eovala DEA zneu\u017e\u00edvanie MDMA za celon\u00e1rodn\u00fd probl\u00e9m a v roku 1985 ozn\u00e1mila n\u00fadzov\u00fd z\u00e1kaz a tvrdila, \u017ee nem\u00e1 \u017eiadnu zn\u00e1mu lek\u00e1rsku hodnotu.<\/strong><\/p>\n Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia (pred\u00e1vanie MDMA na p\u00e1rty)\n

Aj ke\u010f existuj\u00fa ur\u010dite s\u013eubn\u00e9 n\u00e1znaky medic\u00ednskych mo\u017enost\u00ed pou\u017eitia MDMA, pri testovan\u00ed na \u013eu\u010foch zost\u00e1va t\u00e1to ot\u00e1zka st\u00e1le problematick\u00e1<\/strong>. Vedci sa rozch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v n\u00e1zore na bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 MDMA. K\u00fdm vedci neposkytn\u00fa d\u00f4kazy o zmene klasifik\u00e1cie, bud\u00faci lek\u00e1rsky v\u00fdskum bude prich\u00e1dza\u0165 pomaly.<\/p>\n

Pri u\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed akejko\u013evek nez\u00e1konnej drogy na rekrea\u010dn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie existuj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u00e1\u017ene zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1. MDMA, ktor\u00e1 sa dnes pred\u00e1va na ulici, je zvy\u010dajne z\u00e1hadn\u00e1 chemick\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, ktor\u00e1 \u010dasto v\u00f4bec neobsahuje MDMA. Zabaven\u00e9 drogy za posledn\u00e9 dva roky uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee iba 13 percent obsahuje dokonca iba mal\u00e9 mno\u017estvo MDMA<\/strong>. Riziko z nezn\u00e1mych kombin\u00e1ci\u00ed drog nestoj\u00ed za nebezpe\u010denstvo a mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky.<\/p>\n

To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee existuj\u00fa d\u00f4kazy o tom, \u017ee drogy ako MDMA m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 psychoterapeutick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie, ak s\u00fa pod\u00e1van\u00e9 v kontrolovan\u00fdch lek\u00e1rskych zariadeniach. Tieto lieky by mali by\u0165 \u0161tudovan\u00e9 z h\u013eadiska mo\u017en\u00fdch terapeutick\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinkov.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u00f4vodn\u00e9 spolo\u010denstv\u00e1 a n\u00e1rody na z\u00e1padnej pologuli u\u017e tis\u00edce rokov pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa rastliny obsahuj\u00face halucinog\u00e9nne l\u00e1tky. Posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 huby v Mexiku naz\u00fdvali Azt\u00e9kovia \u201eBo\u017eie m\u00e4so\u201c. V priebehu<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7229","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7229"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7229\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7229"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7229"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7229"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}