Archeologick\u00e9 objavy nadch\u00fdnaj\u00fa svet u\u017e desiatky rokov. Pre porozumenie civiliz\u00e1ci\u00e1m z\u00a0d\u00e1vnych d\u00f4b je \u010dastokr\u00e1t potrebn\u00e9 pozna\u0165 ich jazyk a\u00a0p\u00edsmo<\/strong>. Nie je to jednoduch\u00e1 \u00faloha, ale ako prelomov\u00e1 pamiatka sl\u00fa\u017ei Rosettsk\u00e1 doska.<\/strong><\/p>\n Trvalo vy\u0161e 20 rokov, k\u00fdm bol obsah Rosettskej dosky rozl\u00fa\u0161ten\u00fd. zdroj: unsplash.com\n Napoleon Bonaparte<\/strong> v roku 1798 za\u010dal egyptsk\u00fa exped\u00edciu<\/strong> s cie\u013eom h\u00e1ji\u0165 obchodn\u00e9 z\u00e1ujmy Franc\u00fazska a oslabi\u0165 autoritu Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie. Franc\u00fazsky vojak v roku 1799<\/strong> objavil \u010diernu \u010dadi\u010dov\u00fa dosku<\/strong> so starovek\u00fdm p\u00edsmom pri meste Rosetta, pribli\u017ene 56 kilometrov v\u00fdchodne od Alexandrie. Nepravidelne tvarovan\u00fd kame\u0148 obsahoval fragmenty pas\u00e1\u017e\u00ed nap\u00edsan\u00fdch v troch r\u00f4znych p\u00edsmach: gr\u00e9ckej, egyptskej hieroglyfike a egyptskej demotike.<\/strong> Artefakt tak dr\u017eal k\u013e\u00fa\u010d k vyrie\u0161eniu h\u00e1danky hieroglyfov, spisovn\u00e9ho jazyka, ktor\u00fd bol \u201em\u0155tvy\u201c takmer 2 000 rokov.<\/p>\n \u010cierny kame\u0148 m\u00e1 114 cm do v\u00fd\u0161ky a\u00a072 cm do \u0161\u00edrky. Obsahuje dekr\u00e9t panovn\u00edka Ptolemaia V. nap\u00edsan\u00fd v roku 196 p. n. l..<\/strong> Uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee egyptsk\u00ed k\u0148azi s\u00fahlasili s jeho korunovan\u00edm v\u00fdmenou za da\u0148ov\u00e9 \u00fa\u013eavy. V tom \u010dase bol Egypt riaden\u00fd dynastiou vl\u00e1dcov poch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich z Ptolemaia I., jedn\u00e9ho z maced\u00f3nskych gener\u00e1lov Alexandra Ve\u013ek\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n Franc\u00fazsko nakoniec v\u00a0Egypte kapitulovalo a v roku 1801 pre\u0161iel artefakt do britsk\u00fdch r\u00fak. Trvalo trin\u00e1s\u0165 rokov k\u00fdm sa niekto odhodlal na dek\u00f3dovanie hieroglyfov. Britsk\u00fd polyhistor, Thomas Young<\/strong> v roku 1814 urobil nie\u010do, \u010do nikto nezaznamenal viac ako tis\u00edc rokov: za\u010dal preklada\u0165 a sna\u017eil sa porozumie\u0165 hieroglyfom a demotike.<\/strong> Veril, \u017ee demotick\u00e9 p\u00edsmo bolo vytvoren\u00e9 napodobeninami hieroglyfov zmie\u0161an\u00fdch s p\u00edsmenami abecedy.<\/p>\n Thomas Young. zdroj: pinterest.com\n Dovtedy bolo vedcom zn\u00e1me jedine gr\u00e9cke p\u00edsmo.<\/strong> Pri poh\u013eade na gr\u00e9cky preklad si Young uvedomil, \u017ee \u0161es\u0165 vyrez\u00e1van\u00fdch kresieb mus\u00ed obsahova\u0165 meno gr\u00e9ckeho vl\u00e1dcu Ptolemaia. Dek\u00f3doval hieroglyfy v kameni a zistil, ktor\u00e9 symboly boli foneticky<\/strong> pou\u017eit\u00e9 na vysvetlenie ka\u017ed\u00e9ho p\u00edsmena. Svoje poznatky o tom, \u010do obsahuje Rosettsk\u00e1 doska uverejnil v Encyklop\u00e9dii Britannica.<\/strong><\/p>\n Jean Francois Champollion<\/strong> je v\u0161eobecne zn\u00e1my ako zakladate\u013e egyptol\u00f3gie<\/strong> a\u00a0\u010dlovek, ktor\u00e9mu sa podarilo rozl\u00fa\u0161ti\u0165 hieroglyfy<\/strong>.<\/strong> Polemizuje sa do akej miery ovplyvnil Youngov \u010dl\u00e1nok Franc\u00fazovu pr\u00e1cu. Je v\u0161ak pravdou, \u017ee Champollion sa zameral na vyrez\u00e1van\u00e9 symboly, tentoraz n\u00e1jden\u00e9 aj na in\u00fdch pamiatkach, a tak vybudoval rozsiahlu abecedu hieroglyfov s ich gr\u00e9ckymi ekvivalentmi. Dok\u00e1zal rozl\u00fa\u0161ti\u0165 staroegyptsk\u00e9 znakov\u00e9 p\u00edsmo prostredn\u00edctvom ov\u00e1lnych tvarov nach\u00e1dzaj\u00facich sa v texte, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zn\u00e1me ako \u201eKharratis\u201c<\/strong> a obsahuj\u00fa men\u00e1 kr\u00e1\u013eov a kr\u00e1\u013eovien.<\/p>\n Jean Francois Champollion. zdroj: pinterest.com\n Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm Champollionov\u00fdm objavom bolo, \u017ee hieroglyfick\u00e9 p\u00edsanie obsahuje nielen znaky, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa symboly, ale znaky zobrazuj\u00fa aj zvuky. \u201ePreto\u017ee Champollion poznal kopt\u010dinu – posledn\u00fa f\u00e1zu staroegypt\u010diny, nap\u00edsan\u00fa gr\u00e9ckymi p\u00edsmenami, dok\u00e1zal zisti\u0165 zvukov\u00fa zhodu medzi egyptsk\u00fdmi hieroglyfmi a gr\u00e9ckym prekladom na Rosettskej doske,\u201c<\/strong> povedal James Allen<\/strong>, profesor egyptol\u00f3gie na Brownovej univerzite.<\/p>\n Nau\u010di\u0165 sa prad\u00e1vny jazyk v\u0161ak nebol Champollionov n\u00e1pad. Margaret Maitlandov\u00e1<\/strong>, hlavn\u00e1 kur\u00e1torka \u010dasti Starovek\u00e9ho Stredomoria v N\u00e1rodn\u00fdch m\u00faze\u00e1ch v\u00a0\u0160k\u00f3tsku pouk\u00e1zala na to, \u017ee egyptsk\u00fd u\u010denec Rufa’il Zakh\u00fbr<\/strong>, archeol\u00f3govi navrhol, aby sa nau\u010dil kopt\u010dinu. Dodala, \u017ee \u201eChampollion s n\u00edm a s egyptsk\u00fdm k\u0148azom Yuhannou Chiftichi \u0161tudoval tento jazyk v Par\u00ed\u017ei. Arabsk\u00ed u\u010denci u\u017e rozpoznali spojenie medzi starovek\u00fdmi a neskor\u0161\u00edmi formami egyptsk\u00e9ho jazyka.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n Vz\u00e1cny objav je dodnes ulo\u017een\u00fd v\u00a0Britskom m\u00fazeu<\/strong> v\u00a0Lond\u00fdne a\u00a0patr\u00ed medzi najnav\u0161tevovanej\u0161ie objekty. Doktor Eltayeb Abbas<\/strong> riadi archeologick\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti v m\u00fazeu na okraji K\u00e1hiry. Pod\u013ea neho fakt, \u017ee s\u00fa staroegyptsk\u00e9 artefakty uchov\u00e1van\u00e9 v m\u00faze\u00e1ch po celom svete, in\u0161piruje \u013eud\u00ed k vycestovaniu do Egypta.<\/strong> Ak n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edk uvid\u00ed pamiatku na vlastn\u00e9 o\u010di, zaujme ho aj miesto odkia\u013e poch\u00e1dza.<\/p>\n Britsk\u00e9 m\u00fazeum prep\u00e1ja hist\u00f3riu a s\u00fa\u010dasnos\u0165. zdroj: unsplash.com\n Ist\u00fd \u010das d\u00fafal v\u00a0<\/strong>prinavr\u00e1tenie dosky do Egypta<\/strong>, ale poznamenal: \u201eOh\u013eadom tejto veci bolo ve\u013ea rokovan\u00ed, ale nepodarilo sa n\u00e1m to dosiahnu\u0165. P\u00fdtali sme sa nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t predt\u00fdm, ale mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee teraz sa v\u0161etci zhodneme na tom, \u017ee je v poriadku, \u017ee tam kame\u0148 zostane. \u013dudia potrebuj\u00fa vidie\u0165 tieto druhy predmetov.“<\/strong><\/p>\n Zdroje: www.britannica.com, www.history.com, www.livescience.com<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Za n\u00e1lez m\u00f4\u017ee nepriamo Napoleon Archeologick\u00e9 objavy nadch\u00fdnaj\u00fa svet u\u017e desiatky rokov. Pre porozumenie civiliz\u00e1ci\u00e1m z\u00a0d\u00e1vnych d\u00f4b je \u010dastokr\u00e1t potrebn\u00e9 pozna\u0165 ich jazyk a\u00a0p\u00edsmo. Nie<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7238","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7238","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7238"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7238\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7238"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7238"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7238"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Objavy Thomasa Younga<\/h3>\n
Champollion sa zap\u00edsal do hist\u00f3rie<\/h3>\n
Vr\u00e1ti sa doska do Egypta?<\/h3>\n