{"id":7242,"date":"2021-10-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-16T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/palac-pre-8000-osob-mal-samostatne-oddelenia-pre-horucku-uplavicu-ci-chirurgicke-pripady\/"},"modified":"2021-10-17T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-10-16T23:00:00","slug":"palac-pre-8000-osob-mal-samostatne-oddelenia-pre-horucku-uplavicu-ci-chirurgicke-pripady","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/palac-pre-8000-osob-mal-samostatne-oddelenia-pre-horucku-uplavicu-ci-chirurgicke-pripady\/","title":{"rendered":"Pal\u00e1c pre 8000 os\u00f4b mal samostatn\u00e9 oddelenia pre hor\u00fa\u010dku, \u00faplavicu \u010di chirurgick\u00e9 pr\u00edpady"},"content":{"rendered":"

Medic\u00edna klasickej a stredovekej islamskej civiliz\u00e1cie bola odvoden\u00e1 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm z gr\u00e9ckej medic\u00edny<\/strong>, najm\u00e4 zo spisov Hippokrata a Galena. Islamsk\u00ed myslitelia rozpracovali te\u00f3rie starovek\u00fdch Gr\u00e9kov a urobili rozsiahle lek\u00e1rske objavy.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1ujem o zdravie a choroby bol \u0161irok\u00fd a islamsk\u00ed lek\u00e1ri a vedci rozsiahle p\u00edsali a rozv\u00edjali komplexn\u00fa literat\u00faru o liekoch, klinickej praxi, chorob\u00e1ch, lie\u010debn\u00fdch postupoch, lie\u010dbe a diagnostike.\u00a0Do t\u00fdchto lek\u00e1rskych textov \u010dasto za\u010dlenili te\u00f3rie s\u00favisiace s pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi vedami, astrol\u00f3giou, alch\u00fdmiou, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom, filozofiou a matematikou.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1padn\u00ed lek\u00e1ri sa v skuto\u010dnosti najsk\u00f4r dozvedeli o gr\u00e9ckej medic\u00edne vr\u00e1tane diel Hippokrata a Galena \u010d\u00edtan\u00edm arabsk\u00fdch prekladov.<\/strong><\/p>\n Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia (Al-Zahrawi vy\u0161etruj\u00faci svojho pacienta), Zdroj: islamicity.org\n

Nemocnice<\/h3>\n

Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm pr\u00ednosom<\/strong> islamskej civiliz\u00e1cie pre medic\u00ednu bolo zriadenie nemocnice ako \u00fastavu na lie\u010dbu pacientov a \u0161kolenie lek\u00e1rov. V Byzancii existovali hospice pre chor\u00fdch, chudobn\u00fdch, cestovate\u013eov a siroty a boli vzorom pre charitat\u00edvnu in\u0161tit\u00faciu kalifa Walida, ktor\u00e1 sa venovala malomocn\u00fdm a chor\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Prv\u00e1 skuto\u010dn\u00e1 nemocnica \u00a0bola postaven\u00e1 v Bagdade<\/strong> Harunom al-Ra\u0161\u00eddom. Onedlho nasledovalo nieko\u013eko \u010fal\u0161\u00edch nemocn\u00edc po celom islamskom svete od \u0160panielska a\u017e po Indiu. Nemocnice boli postaven\u00e9 kalifmi, s\u00fadnymi \u00faradn\u00edkmi a bohat\u00fdmi jednotlivcami. Pr\u00edjmy z nemocn\u00edc poch\u00e1dzaj\u00face z dot\u00e1ci\u00ed boli pod kontrolou spr\u00e1vnej rady a zabezpe\u010dovali platy zdravotn\u00edckeho person\u00e1lu a niektor\u00e9 potreby pre pacientov. Nad\u00e1cie boli n\u00e1bo\u017eensky motivovan\u00e9<\/strong>, preto\u017ee v Kor\u00e1ne s\u00fa charitat\u00edvne \u010dinnosti ve\u013emi zd\u00f4raznen\u00e9. Nemocnice boli in\u0161tit\u00facie, v ktor\u00fdch bola lek\u00e1rska starostlivos\u0165 k dispoz\u00edcii v\u0161etk\u00fdm bez oh\u013eadu na ich n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fa pr\u00edslu\u0161nos\u0165. Taktie\u017e boli centrami medic\u00ednskeho vzdel\u00e1vania a v neskor\u0161\u00edch obdobiach sa medic\u00edna niekedy vyu\u010dovala aj v me\u0161it\u00e1ch a \u0161kol\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Nemocnicu Adudi v Bagdade, ktor\u00fa zalo\u017eil vl\u00e1dca Adud al-Dawla v roku 982 n.l., mala dvadsa\u0165\u0161tyri lek\u00e1rov a medzi jej \u0161pecialistov patrili oftalmol\u00f3govia, chirurgovia a ortop\u00e9di. Ke\u010f cestovate\u013e Abu al-Husayn ibn Jubayr nav\u0161t\u00edvil Bagdad o dvesto rokov nesk\u00f4r, nemocnica st\u00e1le fungovala. Pod\u013ea jeho spisov bola ve\u013ek\u00e1 ako hrad a mal vlastn\u00fd pr\u00edvod vody z rieky Tigris. \u010eal\u0161ou ve\u013ekou nemocnicou bola k\u00e1hirsk\u00e1 nemocnica Nasiri dokon\u010den\u00e1 v roku 1284 n.l. a mala ro\u010dn\u00fa dot\u00e1ciu mili\u00f3n dirhamov. Predt\u00fdm pal\u00e1c s ubytovan\u00edm pre osemtis\u00edc os\u00f4b mal oddelen\u00e9 oddelenia pre hor\u00fa\u010dku, oftalmiu, chirurgick\u00e9 pr\u00edpady, \u00faplavicu<\/strong> at\u010f. a aj lek\u00e1re\u0148, v\u00fddaj\u0148u, sklad, me\u0161itu a kni\u017enicu. Mali tie\u017e ve\u013ek\u00fd administrat\u00edvny person\u00e1l, obsluhy oboch pohlav\u00ed a predn\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9 s\u00e1ly. Na tie \u010dasy to bolo ve\u013emi pokrokov\u00e9 a ostatn\u00e9 krajiny sa od nich za\u010dali v mnohom in\u0161pirova\u0165.<\/p>\n Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia (Spis o vylie\u010den\u00ed o\u010dn\u00fdch chor\u00f4b od Natijat Al-fikar Fi Ilaj Amrad Al-basar) Zdroj: nlm.nih.gov\n

Poznatky a v\u00fdvoj liekov<\/h3>\n

Napriek tomu, \u017ee islamsk\u00ed lek\u00e1ri mali vo\u010di svojim hel\u00e9nistick\u00fdm predchodcom re\u0161pekt, neuspokojili sa len so zachovan\u00edm minul\u00fdch lek\u00e1rskych znalost\u00ed a poznatky \u010falej prehlbovali a rozv\u00edjali.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edkladom toho je dielo Pochybnosti proti Galenovi od zn\u00e1meho lek\u00e1ra a filozofa Ab\u00fa Bakra al-Raziho<\/strong>. Al-Razi veril v pokrok v poznan\u00ed, ktor\u00fd sa mal dosiahnu\u0165 prijat\u00edm kritick\u00e9ho postoja k minul\u00fdm autoritat\u00edvnym osobnostiam. Al-Razi je autorom mnoh\u00fdch lek\u00e1rskych pr\u00e1c, vr\u00e1tane dvadsa\u0165tri zv\u00e4zkov Kitab al-Hawi, ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa mnoh\u00e9 osobn\u00e9 pozorovania a zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 anamn\u00e9zy<\/strong>. Tieto zv\u00e4zky taktie\u017e obsahovali pojednania o kiah\u0148ach a os\u00fdpkach, ktor\u00e9 boli prv\u00fdm jasn\u00fdm opis t\u00fdchto chor\u00f4b.<\/p>\n

Al-Raziho pr\u00e1ce boli vplyvn\u00e9, ale nevhodn\u00e9 ako celistv\u00e9 u\u010debn\u00e9 texty, preto\u017ee vynechali diskusiu o v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch z\u00e1sad\u00e1ch lek\u00e1rskej vedy. Uzn\u00e1vaj\u00fac tento nedostatok, Ali ibn al-\u2018Abbas al-Majusi<\/strong> nap\u00edsal svoj Kitab al-Malaki, v ktorom je k predmetu sk\u00famania pojednan\u00e9 jasn\u00fdm a stru\u010dn\u00fdm, aj ke\u010f niekedy such\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Tento lek\u00e1rsky text bol ve\u013emi skoro prekonan\u00fd Ibn Sinov\u00fdm K\u00e1nonom medic\u00edny<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd sa stal lek\u00e1rskou u\u010debnicou islamsk\u00e9ho sveta a dokonca sa stal aj lek\u00e1rskou u\u010debnicou na latinskom z\u00e1pade. Kan\u00f3n medic\u00edny bol jednou z prv\u00fdch tla\u010den\u00fdch kn\u00edh a bol vytla\u010den\u00fd tridsa\u0165\u0161es\u0165kr\u00e1t v p\u00e4tn\u00e1stom a \u0161estn\u00e1stom storo\u010d\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V \u010dasti textu Ibn Sina vysvet\u013euje aj \u00favahy o testovan\u00ed nov\u00fdch liekov<\/strong> na z\u00e1klade nieko\u013ek\u00fdch pilierov:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Droga mus\u00ed by\u0165 \u010dist\u00e1 a nesmie obsahova\u0165 ni\u010d, \u010do by zni\u017eovalo jej kvalitu.<\/li>\n
  2. V\u00fdskumn\u00edk mus\u00ed testova\u0165 liek na jednu jednoduch\u00fa chorobu, nie na stav, ktor\u00fd by mohol ma\u0165 r\u00f4zne komplik\u00e1cie.<\/li>\n
  3. Mali by testova\u0165 lieky aspo\u0148 na dve odli\u0161n\u00e9 choroby, preto\u017ee niekedy m\u00f4\u017ee liek \u00fa\u010dinne lie\u010di\u0165 jednu chorobu a in\u00fa n\u00e1hodou.<\/li>\n
  4. Kvalita a povaha lieku mus\u00ed zodpoveda\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017enosti ochorenia.<\/li>\n
  5. V\u00fdskumn\u00edk mus\u00ed proces na\u010dasova\u0165 tak, aby sa \u00fa\u010dinok lieku nezamie\u0148al s in\u00fdmi m\u00e4t\u00facimi faktormi<\/strong>, ako je napr\u00edklad prirodzen\u00fd proces hojenia.<\/li>\n
  6. \u00da\u010dinok lieku mus\u00ed by\u0165 konzistentn\u00fd, pri\u010dom nieko\u013eko pokusov ukazuje rovnak\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. V\u00fdskumn\u00edk tak m\u00f4\u017ee vyl\u00fa\u010di\u0165 ak\u00e9ko\u013evek n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 efekty.<\/li>\n
  7. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci musia testova\u0165 liek na \u013eu\u010foch, nie na zvierat\u00e1ch<\/strong>, preto\u017ee nemus\u00ed fungova\u0165 rovnako u oboch.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Medic\u00edna klasickej a stredovekej islamskej civiliz\u00e1cie bola odvoden\u00e1 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm z gr\u00e9ckej medic\u00edny, najm\u00e4 zo spisov Hippokrata a Galena. Islamsk\u00ed myslitelia rozpracovali te\u00f3rie starovek\u00fdch Gr\u00e9kov a<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7242","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7242","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7242"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7242\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7242"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7242"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7242"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}