{"id":7243,"date":"2021-10-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-17T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/svet-vedy-traja-z-nedostatocne-oceneni-vedci-ktori-pomohli-zmenit-svet\/"},"modified":"2021-10-18T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-10-17T23:00:00","slug":"svet-vedy-traja-z-nedostatocne-oceneni-vedci-ktori-pomohli-zmenit-svet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/svet-vedy-traja-z-nedostatocne-oceneni-vedci-ktori-pomohli-zmenit-svet\/","title":{"rendered":"Nedostato\u010dne ocenen\u00ed vedci, ktor\u00ed v\u0161ak pomohli zmeni\u0165 svet"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nedostato\u010dne ocenen\u00ed vedci, ktor\u00ed svet vedy v nemalej miere obohatili a pomohli zjednodu\u0161i\u0165, ale aj pred\u013a\u017ei\u0165 \u017eivoty mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Charles Kuen Kao \u2013 <\/strong>\u0161irokop\u00e1smov\u00e9 pripojenie pre masy<\/h3>\n

(1933-2018)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kao bol britsko-americk\u00fd elektrotechnik a\u00a0fyzik \u010d\u00ednskeho p\u00f4vodu, ktor\u00fd bol zn\u00e1my ako \u201eotec komunik\u00e1cie s\u00a0optick\u00fdmi vl\u00e1knami\u201c<\/strong>. Narodil sa v \u0160anghaji, no nesk\u00f4r sa pres\u0165ahoval do Anglicka. N\u00e1sledne v roku 1965 z\u00edskal doktor\u00e1t z elektrotechniky na Lond\u00fdnskej univerzite.<\/p>\n

Podie\u013eal sa na revol\u00facii v\u00a0sp\u00f4sobe na\u0161ej komunik\u00e1cie, ke\u010f v\u00a060. rokoch minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia objavil fyzik\u00e1lne vlastnosti skla a\u00a0nimi polo\u017eil z\u00e1klad vysokor\u00fdchlostnej d\u00e1tovej komunik\u00e1cie. Pod\u013ea \u010dasopisu Mayo Clinic Proceedings<\/strong>, jeho spolo\u010dnos\u0165 navrhla sp\u00f4sob pren\u00e1\u0161ania inform\u00e1ci\u00ed vo forme svetla pomocou k\u00e1blov z optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien. K\u00e1ble boli zlo\u017een\u00e9 z dlh\u00fdch sklenen\u00fdch r\u00farok, pozd\u013a\u017e ktor\u00fdch mali \u201evystre\u013eova\u0165\u201c sveteln\u00e9 l\u00fa\u010de. Aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo unikaniu svetla, Kao pou\u017eil \u010disten\u00e9 sklo. Uvedomil si, \u017ee starostliv\u00fdm \u010disten\u00edm skla by bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyrobi\u0165 zv\u00e4zky tenk\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien, ktor\u00e9 bud\u00fa schopn\u00e9 pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo inform\u00e1ci\u00ed na dlh\u00e9 vzdialenosti. To v\u0161etko by sa udialo s minim\u00e1lnym \u00fatlmom sign\u00e1lu a tieto vl\u00e1kna by mohli nahradi\u0165 ich meden\u00fdch predchodcov.<\/p>\n

Spolo\u010dne s\u00a0kanadsk\u00fdm fyzikom Willardom S. Boyleom<\/strong> a\u00a0americk\u00fdm vedcom Georgeom E. Smithom <\/strong>v roku 2009 z\u00edskali\u00a0Nobelovu cenu za fyziku<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ve v\u010faka tomuto telekomunika\u010dn\u00e9mu objavu je dnes mo\u017en\u00e9 pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 sveteln\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie na ve\u013ek\u00e9 vzdialenosti. Na vl\u00e1knovej optike a \u0161irokop\u00e1smovej komunik\u00e1cii takisto z\u00e1vis\u00ed lek\u00e1rska informatika<\/strong> and\u00a0zobrazovacie zariadenia v mikroskope<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Fyzik a elektrotechnik Charles Kuen Kao Zdroj:sk.pinterest.com\n

2. Flossie Wong-Staal \u2013 klonovanie HIV a ur\u010denie jeho genetick\u00e9ho k\u00f3du<\/strong><\/h3>\n

(1946-2020)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00ednsko-americk\u00e1 virologi\u010dka a\u00a0biologi\u010dka, ktor\u00e1 v\u00a0roku 1964 odi\u0161la z\u00a0Hongkongu do USA, kde zohrala k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri v\u00fdskume ochorenia AIDS.<\/p>\n

Wong-Staal pracovala v\u00a0N\u00e1rodnom onkologickom in\u0161tit\u00fate<\/strong> (National Cancer Institute – NCI) v Marylande, pr\u00e1ve v \u010dase, ke\u010f v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch americk\u00fdch prepukla epid\u00e9mia AIDS. Pod\u013ea denn\u00edku The Lancet<\/strong> jej pracovn\u00fd t\u00edm ako prv\u00fd identifikoval, \u017ee v\u00edrus \u013eudskej imunodeficiencie (\u013eudskej imunitnej nedostato\u010dnosti) \u2013 HIV je pr\u00ed\u010dinou AIDS<\/strong>. Nesk\u00f4r Wong-Staal spolo\u010dne s\u00a0kolegom Robertom Gallom<\/strong> klonovali HIV a pri\u0161li na to, ako sa dok\u00e1\u017ee ukry\u0165 pred imunitn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom. K\u00fdm pracovala v NCI, podarilo sa jej tie\u017e navrhn\u00fa\u0165 krvn\u00fd test na detekciu HIV. Okrem klonovania jej patr\u00ed prvenstvo v ur\u010dovan\u00ed funkcie g\u00e9nov HIV. V\u00fdsledky jej pr\u00e1ce s\u00fa dodnes pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za n\u00e1stroj v\u00fdvoja medik\u00e1cie a zlep\u0161enia kvality \u017eivota \u013eud\u00ed s HIV\/AIDS \u010di hepatit\u00eddou C.<\/p>\n

Svoj\u00edm v\u00fdskumom polo\u017eila z\u00e1klady sk\u00famania lie\u010dby pre novovznikaj\u00face infek\u010dn\u00e9 choroby<\/strong>, akou je napr\u00edklad aj COVID-19.<\/p>\n Virologi\u010dka Flossie Wong-Staal Zdroj:www.commons.wikimedia.org\n

 <\/p>\n

3. Charles Drew \u2013 vyn\u00e1lez krvnej banky <\/strong><\/h3>\n

(1904-1950) <\/strong><\/p>\n

Americk\u00fd chirurg a\u00a0lek\u00e1rsky v\u00fdskumn\u00edk je \u010dasto ozna\u010dovan\u00fd ako \u201eotec s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch krvn\u00fdch b\u00e1nk\u201c<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Charles Drew sa narodil v\u00a0roku 1904 a\u00a0v\u00a0roku 1933 absolvoval Lek\u00e1rsku fakultu na McGill University v\u00a0Montreale. O\u00a0dva roky nesk\u00f4r sa stal in\u0161truktorom chirurgie a asistuj\u00facim chirurgom (chief surgical resident) v\u00a0nemocnici Freedmen\u00b4s Hospital (dnes Howard University Hospital) so s\u00eddlom vo Washingtone D.C. Svoju absolventsk\u00fa pr\u00e1cu za\u010dal na Columbia University v\u00a0New Yorku, kde sa\u00a0mu podarilo z\u00edska\u0165 dvojro\u010dn\u00e9 \u0161tipendium na zau\u010denie sa v\u00a0presbyteri\u00e1nskej nemocnici v\u00a0New Yorku.<\/p>\n

Po n\u00e1ro\u010dnom \u0161t\u00fadiu krvnej ch\u00e9mie, n\u00e1hrady tekut\u00edn resp. resuscit\u00e1cie tekutinami (fluid replacement) a transf\u00fazie sa Drew stal popredn\u00fdm odborn\u00edkom na v\u0161etky \u201ez\u00e1le\u017eitosti\u201c s\u00favisiace s krvou. S prib\u00fadaj\u00facimi obe\u0165ami po\u010das druhej svetovej vojny, vzr\u00e1stla v Eur\u00f3pe potreba krvn\u00fdch transf\u00fazi\u00ed. V roku 1940 tak bol v USA vytvoren\u00fd projekt \u201eBlood for Britain\u201c<\/strong> (Krv pre Brit\u00e1niu), <\/em>ktor\u00fd iniciovala N\u00e1rodn\u00e1 lek\u00e1rska kni\u017enica v\u00a0USA<\/strong>, s\u00a0cie\u013eom doda\u0165 krv do z\u00e1moria. Drew bol vymenovan\u00fd za ved\u00faceho projektu a\u00a0spolo\u010dne s\u00a0lek\u00e1rom Johnom Scudderom<\/strong> ( lek\u00e1r, ktor\u00fd z\u00edskal grant na vytvorenie \u00faplne prvej krvnej banky) vymysleli sp\u00f4sob ako oddeli\u0165 plazmu od krvi.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0\u010dase ukon\u010denie projektu (v roku 1941) bolo pod\u013ea N\u00e1rodnej lek\u00e1rskej kni\u017enice v\u00a0USA zhroma\u017eden\u00fdch 14\u00a0556 vzoriek krvi<\/strong> a\u00a0do Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie bolo odoslan\u00fdch viac ako 5000 litrov krvnej plazmy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Techniky pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 Drewom boli vyu\u017eit\u00e9 aj na in\u00fdch miestach, a\u00a0to napr\u00edklad Americk\u00fdm \u010cerven\u00fdm Kr\u00ed\u017eom,<\/strong> kde pomohli sformova\u0165 modern\u00e9 jednotky krvn\u00fdch b\u00e1nk.<\/p>\n Pr\u00e1ca doktora Charlesa Drewa pomohla zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 nespo\u010detn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo \u017eivotov britsk\u00fdch vojakov po\u010das 2. svetovej vojny. Zdroj:sk.pinterest.com\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroje: www.livescience.com , www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov , www.thelancet.com<\/p>\n

Zdroj titulnej fotografie: www.pexels.com<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nedostato\u010dne ocenen\u00ed vedci, ktor\u00ed svet vedy v nemalej miere obohatili a pomohli zjednodu\u0161i\u0165, ale aj pred\u013a\u017ei\u0165 \u017eivoty mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed.\u00a0 1. Charles Kuen Kao \u2013 \u0161irokop\u00e1smov\u00e9<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7243","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7243"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7243\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}