{"id":7258,"date":"2021-10-24T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-23T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/pohanstvo-jeho-rany-vyvoj-a-miesto-v-ludskej-historii\/"},"modified":"2021-10-24T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-10-23T23:00:00","slug":"pohanstvo-jeho-rany-vyvoj-a-miesto-v-ludskej-historii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/pohanstvo-jeho-rany-vyvoj-a-miesto-v-ludskej-historii\/","title":{"rendered":"Pohanstvo &#8211; jeho ran\u00fd v\u00fdvoj a miesto v \u013eudskej hist\u00f3rii"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong>Hist\u00f3ria pohanstva<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>V\u00a0obdob\u00ed R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e mohol by\u0165 za pohana ozna\u010den\u00fd prakticky ktoko\u013evek, kto nebol kres\u0165anom. \u010ealej obyvate\u013e, ktor\u00fd \u017eil na vidieku a\u00a0nebol v\u00a0centre mestsk\u00e9ho diania alebo nebol \u201eMiles Christianus\u201c (z latin\u010diny kres\u0165ansk\u00fd vojak). V\u00a0kres\u0165ansk\u00fdch textoch je mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1js\u0165 aj alternat\u00edvne v\u00fdrazy ako <strong>hel\u00e9nsky<\/strong>, <strong>ne\u017eidovsk\u00fd<\/strong> and\u00a0<strong>pohan<\/strong>. Ritu\u00e1lna obeta bola neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva helenistick\u00e9ho obdobia, takisto sp\u00f4sobom rozdelenia \u013eud\u00ed na kres\u0165anov a pohanov.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0stredoveku sa pohanstvo aplikovalo na v\u0161etky nekres\u0165ansk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 a\u00a0pova\u017eovalo sa za vieru vo falo\u0161n\u00e9ho boha. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti bolo vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako <strong><em>n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo ro\u013en\u00edkov<\/em><\/strong>. O\u00a0presnom p\u00f4vode tohto pojmu sa neust\u00e1le diskutuje. Z\u00e1sadn\u00fdm rozdielom, ktor\u00fd pohanstvo odli\u0161uje od najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch svetov\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev, s\u00fa trad\u00edcie spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0<strong>uctievan\u00edm pr\u00edrody<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u010co o\u00a0\u0148om vieme<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 poznatky o star\u00fdch pohansk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch a vierovyznaniach s\u00fa z\u00edskan\u00e9 z antropologick\u00fdch ter\u00e9nnych v\u00fdskumov a archeologick\u00fdch artefaktov. Zdrojom s\u00fa aj historick\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy od starovek\u00fdch autorov, t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa kult\u00fary klasickej antiky. Pohanstvo sa nevz\u0165ahuje iba na konkr\u00e9tnu trad\u00edciu, ale ide o typ n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva. Zah\u0155\u0148a v sebe n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa <strong>magick\u00e9<\/strong>, <strong>polyteistick\u00e9<\/strong>,<strong> animistick\u00e9<\/strong>, no v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch (modern\u00e9 pohansk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1) m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 aj monoteistick\u00e9. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou s\u00fa zakotven\u00e9 v\u00a0po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych ritu\u00e1loch \u010di ritu\u00e1loch plodnosti. V\u00a0tomto zmysle m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e1 kult\u00fara vo svojej hist\u00f3rii nejak\u00fa formu \u201epohansk\u00e9ho\u201c n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, hoci jeho prvotn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt poch\u00e1dza z\u00a0prehistorick\u00fdch d\u00f4b.<\/p>\n Prehistorick\u00e9 dedi\u010dstvo a z\u00e1rove\u0148 ritu\u00e1lne miesto Stonehenge (Salisbury, Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo). Zdroj:www.unsplash.com\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Kto boli pohania<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>K\u00a0pohansk\u00fdm komunit\u00e1m (n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1m) patria napr\u00edklad <strong>Wiccani (Wicca),<\/strong> <strong>druidi<\/strong>, <strong>\u0161amani<\/strong>, <strong>posv\u00e4tn\u00ed ekol\u00f3govia<\/strong>, <strong>odinisti<\/strong> and\u00a0<strong>pohania<\/strong>. Niektor\u00ed z nich sa zameriavaj\u00fa na \u0161pecifick\u00e9 trad\u00edcie alebo praktiky, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa <strong>ekol\u00f3gia<\/strong>, <strong>\u010darodejn\u00edctvo<\/strong> \u010di <strong>keltsk\u00e9 zvyky<\/strong>. Mnoh\u00ed pohania vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00fa ekologick\u00fa v\u00edziu, ktor\u00e1 poch\u00e1dza z pohanskej viery v organick\u00fa vitalitu a spiritualitu pr\u00edrodn\u00e9ho sveta.<\/p>\n<p>Aj ke\u010f pohansk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 praktiky (vr\u00e1tane uctievania bo\u017estiev a sez\u00f3nnych ritu\u00e1lov) boli sp\u00e1jan\u00e9 s kres\u0165anstvom a in\u00fdmi n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvami, ich pr\u00edvr\u017eenci to nemali jednoduch\u00e9. Napr\u00edklad tak\u00e9 \u010darodejn\u00edctvo bolo v skorej Eur\u00f3pe i Amerike zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 a prenasledovan\u00e9. Nasledovali s\u00e9rie obvinen\u00ed z \u010darodejn\u00edctva, ktor\u00e9 zah\u0155\u0148ali mu\u010denie a viedli k zabitiu tis\u00edcok, ak nie mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed. Kv\u00f4li v\u0161etk\u00fdm prenasledovaniam a skreslen\u00e9mu \u00fastnemu podaniu boli pohania vn\u00edman\u00ed \u010dasto iba v negat\u00edvnom v\u00fdzname. Av\u0161ak nikdy neboli uctieva\u010dmi diabla, nepraktizovali \u201e\u010diernu m\u00e1giu&#8220; a ich praktiky neubli\u017eovali \u013eu\u010fom ani zvierat\u00e1m. Niektor\u00ed u\u010denci a\u00a0mnoh\u00ed pohania veria, \u017ee <strong>\u201ekore\u0148ov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo \u013eudstva\u201c<\/strong> \u2013 je n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom, z\u00a0ktor\u00e9ho sa vyvinuli v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9. Bolo zalo\u017een\u00e9 najm\u00e4 na <strong>plodnosti <\/strong>and\u00a0<strong>pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch cykloch<\/strong>, bez ktor\u00fdch poznania by nedok\u00e1zali pre\u017ei\u0165. S\u00fa \u0161etrn\u00ed k\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00e9mu prostrediu a\u00a0sna\u017eia sa \u017ei\u0165 sp\u00f4sobom minimalizuj\u00facim po\u0161kodenie pr\u00edrodn\u00e9ho prostredia.<\/p>\n Pohansk\u00fd ritu\u00e1lny olt\u00e1r s bohy\u0148ou Gaia. Zdroj:pixabay.com\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Predstava bo\u017estva <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Pohania uctievaj\u00fa bo\u017estvo v r\u00f4znych form\u00e1ch, prostredn\u00edctvom mu\u017esk\u00fdch a \u017eensk\u00fdch obrazov, ale aj bezpohlavn\u00e9 bytosti. Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edmi s\u00fa Boh a bohy\u0148a (alebo pante\u00f3ny Boha a Boh\u00fd\u0148) , ktor\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00fd cyklus plodenia, p\u00f4rodu a umierania definuje pohansk\u00fd rok. Pohanstvo taktie\u017e silne zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje <strong>rovnos\u0165 pohlav\u00ed<\/strong>. \u017deny zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu v\u00a0modernom pohanskom hnut\u00ed a\u00a0uctievanie bohyne je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny pohansk\u00fdch obradov.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee pohanstvo je naozaj pestr\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo s\u00a0mnoh\u00fdmi odli\u0161n\u00fdmi, no z\u00e1rove\u0148 s\u00favisiacimi <strong>trad\u00edciami<\/strong>, formy uctievania sa zna\u010dne l\u00ed\u0161ia. Uctievanie m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 kolekt\u00edvne, ale aj samot\u00e1rske, m\u00f4\u017ee pozost\u00e1va\u0165 z\u00a0neform\u00e1lnej modlitby \u010di medit\u00e1cie alebo zo\u00a0\u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00fdch ritu\u00e1lov. Po\u010das nich \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci potvrdzuj\u00fa svoje hlbok\u00e9 <strong>duchovn\u00e9 spojenie s\u00a0pr\u00edrodou<\/strong>, <strong>ctia si svojich bohov<\/strong>, <strong>oslavuj\u00fa sez\u00f3nne sviatky <\/strong>and<strong>\u00a0obrady prechodu \u013eudsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota<\/strong>. Pohania nemaj\u00fa \u017eiadne verejn\u00e9 budovy vyhraden\u00e9 na uctievanie a\u00a0ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 z\u00a0nich ver\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 obrady sa najlep\u0161ie vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa na verejnom priestranstve. Konaj\u00fa sa v\u00a0lesoch, jaskyniach, na vrcholkoch kopcov a\u00a0pozd\u013a\u017e pobre\u017eia. Medzi najlep\u0161ie miesta patria tie, ktor\u00e9 neboli postaven\u00e9 \u013eudskou rukou.<\/p>\n<p>Ceremoni\u00e1ly zvy\u010dajne za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa <strong>vyzna\u010den\u00edm ritu\u00e1lneho kruhu<\/strong>, symbolom posv\u00e4tn\u00e9ho priestoru, ktor\u00fd nem\u00e1 za\u010diatok ani koniec a\u00a0v\u00a0ktorom s\u00fa si v\u0161etci rovn\u00ed. V\u00fdznam prikladaj\u00fa elementom Zeme, vzduchu, oh\u0148a a\u00a0vody. Napokon (pod\u013ea \u00fa\u010delu obradu) m\u00f4\u017ee nasledova\u0165 medit\u00e1cia, spev, hudba, modlitba, tanec, prednes po\u00e9zie \u010di zdie\u013eanie jedla a\u00a0pitia. Po skon\u010den\u00ed obradu sa po\u010fakuj\u00fa v\u0161etk\u00fdm elementom a\u00a0bo\u017esk\u00fdm form\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 boli vz\u00fdvan\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Zn\u00e1mym ritu\u00e1lom s\u00fa aj <strong>pohansk\u00e9 svadobn\u00e9 obrady<\/strong> naz\u00fdvaj\u00face sa <strong>handfasting\u00a0 ceremony<\/strong>. Ide o\u00a0keltsk\u00fd ritu\u00e1l, ktor\u00fd sa objavuje pri <strong>wiccansk\u00fdch<\/strong> and\u00a0<strong>pohansk\u00fdch obradoch.<\/strong> Obrad sa zachoval do s\u00fa\u010dasnosti &#8211; vyu\u017e\u00edva sa ako symbol pri\u00a0niektor\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch a svetsk\u00fdch s\u013euboch.<\/p>\n Ceremoni\u00e1l handfastingu na pohanskej svadbe. Zdroj:sk.pinterest.com\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <strong>www.pluralism.org<\/strong>, <strong>www.patheos.com<\/strong>, <strong>www.bbc.co.uk<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Zdroj titulnej fotografie:<strong> www.pexels.com<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hist\u00f3ria pohanstva V\u00a0obdob\u00ed R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e mohol by\u0165 za pohana ozna\u010den\u00fd prakticky ktoko\u013evek, kto nebol kres\u0165anom. \u010ealej obyvate\u013e, ktor\u00fd \u017eil na vidieku a\u00a0nebol v\u00a0centre mestsk\u00e9ho diania<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7258","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7258","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7258"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7258\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7258"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7258"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7258"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}