{"id":7284,"date":"2021-11-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-04T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/salemske-carodejnice-ako-to-bolo-naozaj\/"},"modified":"2021-11-05T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-11-04T23:00:00","slug":"salemske-carodejnice-ako-to-bolo-naozaj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/salemske-carodejnice-ako-to-bolo-naozaj\/","title":{"rendered":"Salemsk\u00e9 \u010darodejnice – ako to bolo naozaj?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nesl\u00e1vne zn\u00e1me Salemsk\u00e9 \u010darodejn\u00edcke procesy sa za\u010dali na jar roku 1692 po tom, \u010do skupina mlad\u00fdch diev\u010dat v Saleme v \u0161t\u00e1te Massachusetts tvrdila, \u017ee s\u00fa posadnut\u00e9 diablom a obvinila nieko\u013eko miestnych \u017eien z \u010darodejn\u00edctva<\/strong>. Ke\u010f sa vlna hyst\u00e9rie roz\u0161\u00edrila po celom koloni\u00e1lnom Massachusetts, v Saleme sa zi\u0161iel \u0161peci\u00e1lny s\u00fad, aby vypo\u010dul pr\u00edpady; prv\u00e1 ods\u00faden\u00e1 \u010darodejnica, Bridget Bishop, bola v j\u00fani obesen\u00e1. Osemn\u00e1s\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00edch nasledovalo na Salem’s Gallows Hille, zatia\u013e \u010do \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 150 mu\u017eov, \u017eien a det\u00ed bolo obvinen\u00fdch v priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch nasleduj\u00facich mesiacov.<\/p>\n

V septembri 1692 za\u010dala hyst\u00e9ria ustupova\u0165 a verejn\u00e1 mienka sa obr\u00e1tila proti procesom. Hoci V\u0161eobecn\u00fd s\u00fad v Massachusetts nesk\u00f4r zru\u0161il rozsudky o vine obvinen\u00fdch \u010darodejn\u00edc a priznal od\u0161kodnenie ich rodin\u00e1m<\/strong>, v komunite pretrv\u00e1vala horkos\u0165 a bolestn\u00e9 dedi\u010dstvo procesov s \u010darodejnicami v Saleme pretrvalo st\u00e1ro\u010dia.<\/p>\n Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia (procesy s \u010darodejnicami), Zdroj: therichest.com\n

 <\/p>\n

Kontext a p\u00f4vod \u010darodejn\u00edckych procesov v Saleme<\/h3>\n

Viera v nadprirodzeno \u2013 a konkr\u00e9tne v diablovu prax<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 d\u00e1va ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom (\u010darodejn\u00edkom) moc ubli\u017eova\u0165 in\u00fdm v\u00fdmenou za ich lojalitu \u2013 sa v Eur\u00f3pe objavila u\u017e v 14. storo\u010d\u00ed<\/strong> a bola roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1 v koloni\u00e1lnom Novom Anglicku. Okrem toho krut\u00e1 realita \u017eivota vo vidieckej purit\u00e1nskej komunite Salem Village (dne\u0161n\u00fd Danvers, Massachusetts) v tom \u010dase zah\u0155\u0148ala n\u00e1sledky britskej vojny s Franc\u00fazskom v americk\u00fdch kol\u00f3ni\u00e1ch v roku 1689, ned\u00e1vnu epid\u00e9miu kiahn\u00ed, obavy z \u00fatokov susedn\u00fdch indi\u00e1nskych kme\u0148ov a dlhotrvaj\u00face s\u00faperenie s bohat\u0161ou komunitou Salem Town (dne\u0161n\u00fd Salem).<\/p>\n

Uprostred tohto tlej\u00faceho nap\u00e4tia boli procesy s \u010darodejnicami v Saleme podporovan\u00e9 podozren\u00edm obyvate\u013eov a odporom vo\u010di svojim susedom, ako aj ich strachom z cudzincov.<\/p>\n

V janu\u00e1ri 1692 za\u010dali 9-ro\u010dn\u00e1 Elizabeth<\/strong> (Betty) Parrisov\u00e1 a 11-ro\u010dn\u00e1 Abigail<\/strong> Williamsov\u00e1 (dc\u00e9ra a neter Samuela Parrisa, ministra Salem Village) ma\u0165 z\u00e1chvaty, vr\u00e1tane n\u00e1siln\u00fdch skr\u00faten\u00ed a nekontrolovate\u013en\u00fdch v\u00fdbuchov kriku<\/strong>. Po tom, \u010do miestny lek\u00e1r William Griggs diagnostikoval o\u010darenie, za\u010dali podobn\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky vykazova\u0165 aj \u010fal\u0161ie mlad\u00e9 diev\u010dat\u00e1 v komunite, vr\u00e1tane Ann Putnam Jr., Mercy Lewis, Elizabeth Hubbard, Mary Walcott a Mary Warren. Koncom febru\u00e1ra boli vydan\u00e9 zatyka\u010de na karibsk\u00fa otroky\u0148u Titubu spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi dvoma \u017eenami<\/strong> \u2013 \u017eobr\u00e1\u010dkou bez domova Sarah Good a chudobnou star\u0161ou Sarah Osbornovou \u2013 ktor\u00e9 diev\u010dat\u00e1 obvinili, \u017ee ich o\u010darili.<\/p>\n

Salemsk\u00e9 procesy s \u010darodejnicami: Hyst\u00e9ria sa \u0161\u00edri<\/h3>\n

Tri obvinen\u00e9 \u010darodejnice boli predveden\u00e9 pred sudcov Jonathana Corwina a Johna Hathorna a vypo\u010d\u00favan\u00e9, aj pritom, ke\u010f sa ich \u017ealobkyne objavili v s\u00fadnej sieni vo ve\u013ekolepej uk\u00e1\u017eke k\u0155\u010dov, skr\u00faten\u00ed, kriku a zv\u00edjania sa. Hoci Good a Osborn ich vinu popreli, Tituba sa priznala. Pravdepodobne sa sna\u017eila zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 sa pred ist\u00fdm usved\u010den\u00edm t\u00fdm, \u017ee vystupovala ako inform\u00e1torka<\/strong>, a tvrdila, \u017ee po jej boku konaj\u00fa \u010fal\u0161ie \u010darodejnice v slu\u017eb\u00e1ch diabla proti purit\u00e1nom. Ke\u010f sa hyst\u00e9ria \u0161\u00edrila komunitou a \u010falej do zvy\u0161ku Massachusetts, bolo obvinen\u00fdch mno\u017estvo \u010fal\u0161\u00edch, vr\u00e1tane Marthy Coreyovej a Rebeccy Nurseovej \u2013 obe pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za \u010destn\u00e9 \u010dlenky cirkvi a komunity \u2013 a \u0161tvorro\u010dnej dc\u00e9ry Sarah Goodovej.<\/p>\n

Rovnako ako Tituba, nieko\u013eko \u010fal\u0161\u00edch obvinen\u00fdch \u201e\u010darodejn\u00edc\u201c sa priznalo a vymenovalo \u010fal\u0161\u00edch, a procesy \u010doskoro za\u010dali valcova\u0165 miestny justi\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/strong>. V m\u00e1ji 1692 novovymenovan\u00fd guvern\u00e9r Massachusetts, William Phips, nariadil zriadenie \u0161peci\u00e1lneho s\u00fadu Oyer (na vypo\u010dutie) a Terminera (na rozhodnutie) o \u010darodejn\u00edckych pr\u00edpadoch pre okresy Suffolk, Essex a Middlesex.<\/p>\n

S\u00fad, ktor\u00e9mu predsedali sudcovia vr\u00e1tane Hathorna, Samuela Sewalla a Williama Stoughtona, vyniesol svoje prv\u00e9 ods\u00fadenie proti Bridget Bishopovej 2. j\u00fana; bola obesen\u00e1 o osem dn\u00ed nesk\u00f4r na mieste, ktor\u00e9 sa stalo zn\u00e1mym ako Gallows Hill v Salem Town. V j\u00fali bolo obesen\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch p\u00e4\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed; p\u00e4\u0165 v auguste a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch osem v septembri. Okrem toho sedem \u010fal\u0161\u00edch obvinen\u00fdch \u010darodejn\u00edc zomrelo vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed, zatia\u013e \u010do star\u0161\u00ed Giles Corey (Marthin man\u017eel) bol ukame\u0148ovan\u00fd potom \u010do odmietol poda\u0165 \u017ealobu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Proces s \u010darodejnicami v Saleme. Martha Cory vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed za \u010darodejn\u00edctvo s prokur\u00e1tormi.\n

Salemsk\u00e9 \u010darodejn\u00edcke procesy: Z\u00e1ver a dedi\u010dstvo<\/h3>\n

Hoci uzn\u00e1van\u00fd minister Cotton Mather varoval pred pochybnou hodnotou spektr\u00e1lnych d\u00f4kazov<\/strong> (alebo svedectiev o snoch a v\u00edzi\u00e1ch), jeho obavy zostali po\u010das procesov s \u010darodejnicami v Saleme v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou bez pov\u0161imnutia. Prezident Harvard College (a Cottonov otec), sa nesk\u00f4r pripojil k svojmu synovi a naliehal, \u017ee \u0161tandardy d\u00f4kazov pre \u010darodejn\u00edctvo musia by\u0165 rovnak\u00e9 ako pre ak\u00fdko\u013evek in\u00fd zlo\u010din, pri\u010dom dospel k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee \u201eJe lep\u0161ie, ak desa\u0165 podozriv\u00fdch \u010darodejn\u00edc unikne, ako jeden nevinn\u00fd bude ods\u00faden\u00fd<\/strong>.“<\/p>\n

Uprostred slabn\u00facej verejnej podpory pre procesy guvern\u00e9r Phips v okt\u00f3bri rozpustil s\u00fad Oyer a Terminer a nariadil jeho n\u00e1stupcovi, aby ignoroval spektr\u00e1lne d\u00f4kazy. S\u00fadne procesy pokra\u010dovali s klesaj\u00facou intenzitou a\u017e do za\u010diatku roku 1693 a do tohto m\u00e1ja Phips omilostil a prepustil v\u0161etk\u00fdch v\u00e4z\u0148ov obvinen\u00fdch z \u010darodejn\u00edctva.<\/p>\n

V janu\u00e1ri 1697 gener\u00e1lny s\u00fad v Massachusetts vyhl\u00e1sil de\u0148 p\u00f4stu za trag\u00e9diu procesov s \u010darodejnicami v Saleme<\/strong>; s\u00fad nesk\u00f4r pova\u017eoval procesy za nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 a ved\u00faci sudca Samuel Sewall sa verejne ospravedlnil za svoju \u00falohu v procese. Po\u0161kodenie komunity v\u0161ak pretrv\u00e1valo aj po tom, \u010do kol\u00f3nia Massachusetts v roku 1711 schv\u00e1lila z\u00e1kon, ktor\u00fd obnovil dobr\u00e9 meno ods\u00faden\u00fdch a poskytol finan\u010dn\u00fa n\u00e1hradu ich dedi\u010dom.<\/p>\n

\u017div\u00e9 a bolestn\u00e9 dedi\u010dstvo procesov s \u010darodejnicami v Saleme pretrvalo a\u017e do 20. storo\u010dia, ke\u010f Arthur Miller zdramatizoval udalosti z roku 1692 vo svojej hre \u201eThe Crucible\u201c (1953) a pou\u017eil ich ako aleg\u00f3riu na antikomunistick\u00e9 \u201e\u010darodejn\u00edcke po\u013eova\u010dky\u201c pod veden\u00edm sen\u00e1tora Josepha McCarthyho v 50. rokoch.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u010co bolo za t\u00fdm?<\/h3>\n

V snahe vysvetli\u0165 vedeck\u00fdmi prostriedkami zvl\u00e1\u0161tne utrpenie, ktor\u00fdm si prech\u00e1dzali t\u00ed \u201eo\u010darovan\u00ed\u201c obyvatelia Salemu v roku 1692, \u0161t\u00fadia publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise Science v roku 1976 pop\u00edsala miestnu hubu n\u00e1me\u013e (n\u00e1jden\u00fd v ra\u017ei, p\u0161enici a in\u00fdch obilnin\u00e1ch), ktor\u00fd pod\u013ea toxikol\u00f3gov m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 pr\u00edznaky, ako s\u00fa bludy, vracanie a svalov\u00e9 k\u0155\u010de<\/strong>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nesl\u00e1vne zn\u00e1me Salemsk\u00e9 \u010darodejn\u00edcke procesy sa za\u010dali na jar roku 1692 po tom, \u010do skupina mlad\u00fdch diev\u010dat v Saleme v \u0161t\u00e1te Massachusetts tvrdila, \u017ee s\u00fa<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7284","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7284"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7284\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}