{"id":7299,"date":"2021-11-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-09T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/amputacia-nosa-bola-jednym-z-predpisanych-trestov-za-cudzolozstvo\/"},"modified":"2021-11-10T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-11-09T23:00:00","slug":"amputacia-nosa-bola-jednym-z-predpisanych-trestov-za-cudzolozstvo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/amputacia-nosa-bola-jednym-z-predpisanych-trestov-za-cudzolozstvo\/","title":{"rendered":"Amput\u00e1cia nosa bola jedn\u00fdm z predp\u00edsan\u00fdch trestov za cudzolo\u017estvo!"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>V tejto s\u00e9ri\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nkov sa dozviete inform\u00e1cie o v\u00fdvoji medic\u00edny, ako si choroby vysvet\u013eovali na\u0161i predkovia a ako s nimi bojovali. Pribl\u00ed\u017eime si aj konkr\u00e9tne krajiny a <strong>zauj\u00edmavosti z r\u00f4znych k\u00fatov sveta<\/strong>.<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Ako vlastne medic\u00edna vznikla?<\/h3>\n<p>Nep\u00edsan\u00fa hist\u00f3riu nie je \u013eahk\u00e9 interpretova\u0165, a hoci sa mo\u017eno ve\u013ea nau\u010di\u0165 zo \u0161t\u00fadia kresieb, kostn\u00fdch pozostatkov a chirurgick\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov ran\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 zrekon\u0161truova\u0165 ich ment\u00e1lny postoj k probl\u00e9mom chor\u00f4b a smrti.<\/p>\n Ilusta\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia (pomoc chor\u00e9mu zbavi\u0165 sa d\u00e9monov sp\u00f4sobuj\u00facich jeho chorobn\u00fd stav), Zdroj: medium.com\n<p>\u013dudia spo\u010diatku nepova\u017eovali smr\u0165 a choroby za prirodzen\u00e9 javy. <strong>Be\u017en\u00e9 choroby<\/strong>, ako je prechladnutie alebo z\u00e1pcha, boli <strong>akceptovan\u00e9 ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 existencie<\/strong> a rie\u0161ili sa pomocou tak\u00fdch bylinn\u00fdch prostriedkov, ak\u00e9 boli dostupn\u00e9. V\u00e1\u017ene a invalidizuj\u00face choroby v\u0161ak boli zaraden\u00e9 do \u00faplne inej kateg\u00f3rie &#8211; boli <strong>nadprirodzen\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu<\/strong>. \u00a0Boli pripisovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledkom k\u00fazla, ktor\u00e9 na obe\u0165 zoslal nejak\u00fd nepriate\u013e, <strong>n\u00e1v\u0161teve zlomyse\u013en\u00e9ho d\u00e9mona alebo dielom urazen\u00e9ho boha<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd bu\u010f premietol nejak\u00fd predmet \u2013 \u0161\u00edp, kame\u0148, \u010derva \u2013 do tela. Lie\u010dba, ktor\u00e1 sa potom pou\u017eila, spo\u010d\u00edvala v nal\u00e1kan\u00ed bludnej du\u0161e sp\u00e4\u0165 do jej spr\u00e1vneho prostredia alebo vytiahnut\u00ed zl\u00e9ho votrelca pomocou protik\u00fazel, zakl\u00ednadiel, elix\u00edrov, sania alebo in\u00fdch prostriedkov.<\/p>\n<p>Jednou kuri\u00f3znou met\u00f3dou, ako poskytn\u00fa\u0165 chorobe prostriedky na \u00fanik z tela, bolo <strong>vytvorenie diery s priemerom 2,5 a\u017e 5 cm v lebke<\/strong> obete \u2013 prax trepanovania alebo trefinovania. Trepanovan\u00e9 lebky pravek\u00e9ho d\u00e1tumu boli n\u00e1jden\u00e9 v Brit\u00e1nii, Franc\u00fazsku a in\u00fdch \u010dastiach Eur\u00f3py a v Peru. Mnoh\u00e9 z nich preukazuj\u00fa uzdravenie pacienta. T\u00e1to prax st\u00e1le existuje medzi niektor\u00fdmi kme\u0148mi v \u010dastiach Al\u017e\u00edrska, v Melan\u00e9zii a nieko\u013ek\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch oblastiach.<\/p>\n Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia (1.oper\u00e1cia lebky, 2.starovek\u00e1 lebka so stopami po z\u00e1kroku), Zdroj: edition.cnn.com\n<p><strong>M\u00e1gia a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo<\/strong> zohr\u00e1vali ve\u013ek\u00fa \u00falohu v prehistorickej medic\u00edne a ranej \u013eudskej spolo\u010dnosti. Pod\u00e1vanie rastlinnej drogy alebo lieku \u00fastami bolo sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e9 zakl\u00ednadlami, tancom, grimasami a r\u00f4zn\u00fdmi magick\u00fdmi trikmi. Preto boli prv\u00fdmi lek\u00e1rmi alebo \u201emedic\u00ednmi\u201c \u010darodejn\u00edci alebo \u010darodejn\u00edci. <strong>Pou\u017e\u00edvanie k\u00faziel a talizmanov<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 v modernej dobe st\u00e1le prevl\u00e1da, m\u00e1 starovek\u00fd p\u00f4vod.<\/p>\n<p>Okrem lie\u010denia r\u00e1n a zlomen\u00edn je \u013eudov\u00e1 medic\u00edna pravdepodobne najstar\u0161\u00edm aspektom lie\u010dite\u013esk\u00e9ho umenia, preto\u017ee primit\u00edvni lek\u00e1ri prejavovali svoju m\u00fadros\u0165 lie\u010den\u00edm cel\u00e9ho \u010dloveka, du\u0161e i tela. O\u0161etrenia a lieky, ktor\u00e9 nevyvol\u00e1vali \u017eiadne fyzick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky na telo, by napriek tomu mohli sp\u00f4sobi\u0165, \u017ee sa pacient bude c\u00edti\u0165 lep\u0161ie, ke\u010f lie\u010dite\u013e aj pacient verili v ich \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165. Tento takzvan\u00fd placebo efekt je pou\u017eite\u013en\u00fd aj v modernej klinickej medic\u00edne.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Tradi\u010dn\u00e1 medic\u00edna a chirurgia v \u00c1zii<\/h3>\n<h3>India<\/h3>\n<p>Indick\u00e1 medic\u00edna m\u00e1 dlh\u00fa hist\u00f3riu. Najskor\u0161ie koncepty s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v posv\u00e4tn\u00fdch spisoch naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch V\u00e9dy, najm\u00e4 v metrick\u00fdch pas\u00e1\u017each Atharvavedy, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu siaha\u0165 a\u017e do 2. tis\u00edcro\u010dia pred Kristom.<\/p>\n<p>Obdobie v\u00e9dskej medic\u00edny trvalo pribli\u017ene do roku 800 pred Kristom. V\u00e9dy s\u00fa <strong>bohat\u00e9 na magick\u00e9 praktiky na lie\u010denie chor\u00f4b a na k\u00fazla na vyh\u00e1\u0148anie d\u00e9monov<\/strong>, o ktor\u00fdch sa tradi\u010dne predpokladalo, \u017ee sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa choroby. Hlavn\u00fdmi spomenut\u00fdmi stavmi s\u00fa hor\u00fa\u010dka (takman), ka\u0161e\u013e, hna\u010dka, abscesy, z\u00e1chvaty, n\u00e1dory a ko\u017en\u00e9 choroby (vr\u00e1tane malomocenstva).<\/p>\n<p>Zlat\u00fd vek indickej medic\u00edny, od roku 800 pred Kristom do pribli\u017ene 1 000 pred Kristom, bol pozna\u010den\u00fd najm\u00e4 v\u00fdrobou lek\u00e1rskych pojednan\u00ed zn\u00e1mych ako Charaka-samhita a Sushruta-samhita, ktor\u00e9 sa pripisuj\u00fa Charakovi, lek\u00e1rovi a Sushrutovi, chirurgovi. V\u0161etky neskor\u0161ie spisy o indickej medic\u00edne boli zalo\u017een\u00e9 na t\u00fdchto dielach.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee <strong>hinduistom ich n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo zakazovalo reza\u0165 m\u0155tve telo<\/strong>, ich znalosti anat\u00f3mie boli obmedzen\u00e9. Sushruta-samhita odpor\u00fa\u010da, aby bolo<strong> telo vlo\u017een\u00e9 do ko\u0161a a potopen\u00e9 v rieke na sedem dn\u00ed<\/strong>. Potom pri jeho odstr\u00e1nen\u00ed bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 diely \u013eahko oddeli\u0165 bez rezania. V d\u00f4sledku t\u00fdchto hrub\u00fdch met\u00f3d sa v hinduistickej anat\u00f3mii kl\u00e1dol d\u00f4raz najsk\u00f4r na kosti a potom na svaly, v\u00e4zy a k\u013aby. Nervy, krvn\u00e9 cievy a vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny boli slabo preb\u00e1danou a nezn\u00e1mou oblas\u0165ou.<\/p>\n<p>Hinduisti verili, \u017ee <strong>telo obsahuje tri z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky<\/strong>, mikrokozmick\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov troch bo\u017esk\u00fdch univerz\u00e1lnych s\u00edl, ktor\u00e9 naz\u00fdvali duch (vzduch), hlien a \u017el\u010d. <strong>Zdravie z\u00e1vis\u00ed od norm\u00e1lnej rovnov\u00e1hy t\u00fdchto troch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch l\u00e1tok<\/strong>. Sedem z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch zlo\u017eiek tela \u2013 krv, m\u00e4so, tuk, kos\u0165, dre\u0148, k\u00fdla a sperma \u2013 vznik\u00e1 p\u00f4soben\u00edm z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch l\u00e1tok.<\/p>\n<p>Hinduistick\u00ed lek\u00e1ri pou\u017e\u00edvali pri diagnostike v\u0161etk\u00fdch p\u00e4\u0165 zmyslov. Napr\u00edklad <strong>sluch sa pou\u017e\u00edval na rozl\u00ed\u0161enie povahy d\u00fdchania<\/strong>, zmeny hlasu a \u0161kr\u00edpav\u00e9ho zvuku, ktor\u00fd vznik\u00e1 tren\u00edm zlomen\u00fdch koncov kost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie met\u00f3dy akt\u00edvnej lie\u010dby boli ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 ako \u201ep\u00e4\u0165 proced\u00far\u201c: <strong>pod\u00e1vanie vracadiel, preh\u00e1\u0148adiel, vodn\u00fdch klyst\u00edrov<\/strong>, olejov\u00fdch klyst\u00edrov a k\u00fdchac\u00edch pr\u00e1\u0161kov. \u010casto sa pou\u017e\u00edvali aj pijavice, bankovanie a p\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie \u017eilou.<\/p>\n<p>Indick\u00e1 materia medica bola rozsiahla a pozost\u00e1vala najm\u00e4 z rastlinn\u00fdch drog, pri\u010dom v\u0161etky boli z p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch rastl\u00edn. <strong>Vyu\u017e\u00edvali sa aj \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161ne lie\u010div\u00e1<\/strong> (ako mlieko r\u00f4znych zvierat, kosti, \u017el\u010dov\u00e9 kamene) a miner\u00e1ly (s\u00edra, arz\u00e9n, olovo, s\u00edran me\u010fnat\u00fd, zlato). Lek\u00e1ri zbierali a pripravovali vlastn\u00e9 rastlinn\u00e9 drogy. Medzi t\u00fdmi, ktor\u00e9 sa nakoniec objavili v z\u00e1padn\u00fdch liekopisoch patria kardam\u00f3n a \u0161korica.<\/p>\n Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia (starovek\u00e9 lie\u010debn\u00e9 byliny, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 aj v dne\u0161n\u00fdch \u010dasoch)\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>V d\u00f4sledku pr\u00edsneho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho presved\u010denia hinduistov boli pri lie\u010dbe d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 hygienick\u00e9 opatrenia. Boli <strong>nariaden\u00e9 dve jedl\u00e1 denne s \u00fadajmi o povahe stravy, mno\u017estve vody, ktor\u00e9 sa m\u00e1 vypi\u0165 pred jedlom a po jedle, a o pou\u017eit\u00ed koren\u00edn<\/strong>. K\u00fapanie a starostlivos\u0165 o poko\u017eku boli starostlivo predp\u00edsan\u00e9, rovnako ako <strong>\u010distenie zubov vetvi\u010dkami z konkr\u00e9tnych stromov<\/strong>, potieranie tela olejom a pou\u017e\u00edvanie o\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00f4d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>V chirurgii dosiahla starovek\u00e1 hinduistick\u00e1 medic\u00edna svoj zenit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Oper\u00e1cie vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 hinduistick\u00fdmi chirurgmi zah\u0155\u0148ali odstra\u0148ovanie n\u00e1dorov, inc\u00edziu a dren\u00e1\u017e abscesov, punkciu na uvo\u013enenie tekutiny v bruchu, extrakciu cudz\u00edch telies, opravu an\u00e1lnych fist\u00fal, dlahovanie zlomen\u00edn, amput\u00e1cie, cis\u00e1rske rezy a \u0161itie r\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>Pou\u017e\u00edvala sa \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la chirurgick\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov. Chirurg by mal by\u0165 pod\u013ea Su\u0161ruta vybaven\u00fd 20 ostr\u00fdmi a 101 tup\u00fdmi n\u00e1strojmi r\u00f4zneho popisu. N\u00e1stroje boli preva\u017ene z ocele. Datuje sa, \u017ee <strong>alkohol sa po\u010das oper\u00e1ci\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edval ako narkotikum<\/strong> a krv\u00e1canie zastavovali hor\u00face oleje a decht.<\/p>\n Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia (Oper\u00e1cia oka pod\u013ea Su\u0161ruta), Zdroj: twitter.com\n<p>Najm\u00e4 v dvoch typoch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed boli hinduisti vynikaj\u00faci. Kame\u0148 v mo\u010dovom mech\u00fare \u00a0bol v starovekej Indii be\u017en\u00fd a chirurgovia \u010dasto odstra\u0148ovali kamene pomocou later\u00e1lnej litot\u00f3mie. <strong>Zaviedli aj plastick\u00fa chirurgiu<\/strong>.<strong> Amput\u00e1cia nosa bola jedn\u00fdm z predp\u00edsan\u00fdch trestov za cudzolo\u017estvo<\/strong> a oprava sa vykon\u00e1vala tak, \u017ee sa pacientovi vyrezal z l\u00edca alebo \u010dela k\u00fasok tkaniva po\u017eadovanej ve\u013ekosti a tvaru a prilo\u017eil sa na pah\u00fd\u013e nosa. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee v\u00fdsledky boli pomerne uspokojiv\u00e9 a modern\u00e1 oper\u00e1cia je ur\u010dite nepriamo odvoden\u00e1 z tohto starovek\u00e9ho zdroja. Hinduistick\u00ed chirurgovia operovali aj \u0161ed\u00fd z\u00e1kal.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>V \u010fal\u0161ej \u010dasti, ktor\u00fa v\u00e1m prinesieme \u010doskoro sa dozviete o \u010fal\u0161\u00edch krajin\u00e1ch a zauj\u00edmavostiach z tejto oblasti.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V tejto s\u00e9ri\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nkov sa dozviete inform\u00e1cie o v\u00fdvoji medic\u00edny, ako si choroby vysvet\u013eovali na\u0161i predkovia a ako s nimi bojovali. Pribl\u00ed\u017eime si aj konkr\u00e9tne<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7299","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7299"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7299\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7299"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}