{"id":7363,"date":"2021-11-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-29T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/rok-536-najhorsi-v-historii-ludstva\/"},"modified":"2021-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-11-29T23:00:00","slug":"rok-536-najhorsi-v-historii-ludstva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/rok-536-najhorsi-v-historii-ludstva\/","title":{"rendered":"Rok 536 bol zvolen\u00fd za najhor\u0161\u00ed v hist\u00f3ri\u00ed \u013eudstva, dnes u\u017e vieme pre\u010do"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Rozvoj spolo\u010dnosti dostal na 100 rokov stopku<\/h3>\n<p>\u201eToto fakt nie je m\u00f4j rok.\u201c Veta, ktor\u00e1 po\u010das pand\u00e9mie medzi \u013eu\u010fmi rezonuje \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie. R\u00f4zne \u0161t\u00fadie sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa covidov\u00e9 obmedzenia a\u00a0na\u0161u psychick\u00fa (ne)pohodu, tak\u017ee je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 toho vy\u0161e hlavy. Vr\u00e1\u0165me sa preto na chv\u00ed\u013eu do minulosti, do roku, kedy si na\u0161i predkovia zrejme hovorili to ist\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Nie je to koniec prvej polovice 14. storo\u010dia, ke\u010f mor vyhladil polovicu Eur\u00f3py. Dokonca ani epid\u00e9mia \u0161panielskej chr\u00edpky (1918), ktor\u00e1 zabila 50 a\u017e 100 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou mladistv\u00fdch. Odborn\u00edci sa zhoduj\u00fa v\u00a0tom, \u017ee ide o\u00a0rok 536. V Eur\u00f3pe \u201e<strong>Bol to za\u010diatok jedn\u00e9ho z najhor\u0161\u00edch obdob\u00ed v\u00a0\u013eudskej hist\u00f3ri\u00ed, ak nie najhor\u0161\u00ed rok v\u00f4bec,\u201c<\/strong> hovor\u00ed <strong>Michael McCormick, historik a archeol\u00f3g,<\/strong> ktor\u00fd predsed\u00e1 Iniciat\u00edve Harvardskej univerzity pre vedu o \u013eudskej minulosti.<\/p>\n<p>Podrobn\u00e9 \u0161tudovanie pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch katastrof a<strong>\u00a0\u00fapadku \u013eudstva <\/strong>pon\u00faka realistickej\u0161\u00ed poh\u013ead na to, \u010do sa dialo po z\u00e1niku jednej z\u00a0najvyspelej\u0161\u00edch civiliz\u00e1ci\u00ed \u2013 R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e. Za\u010diatok stredoveku znamenal krok sp\u00e4\u0165 oproti tomu, \u010do bolo za tis\u00edcro\u010dia dosiahnut\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>N\u00e1met na film o\u00a0konci sveta<\/h3>\n<p>V\u0161etko to za\u010dalo d\u0148om, ke\u010f z\u00e1hadn\u00e1<strong> hmla zahalila Slnko, ktor\u00e9 na 18 mesiacov neuvideli obyvatelia Eur\u00f3py, Bl\u00edzkeho v\u00fdchodu a\u00a0\u010dasti \u00c1zie.<\/strong> Teploty za\u010dali rap\u00eddne klesa\u0165 najviac za posledn\u00fdch 2000 rokov. Priemern\u00e1 <strong>teplota v\u00a0lete dosiahla maxim\u00e1lne 1,5 a\u017e 2,5 stup\u0148a.<\/strong> \u010coskoro sa uk\u00e1zali n\u00e1sledky, ne\u00farodn\u00e1 p\u00f4da znamenala <strong>n\u00e1rast kraj\u00edn, v\u00a0ktor\u00fdch vypukol hladomor.<\/strong> Komu sa podarilo pre\u017ei\u0165 po\u010das tohto stra\u0161n\u00e9ho obdobia, \u010dakali ho e\u0161te hor\u0161ie udalosti. V\u00a0roku 541 n\u00e1\u0161ho letopo\u010dtu sa <strong>\u00fazem\u00edm Stredozemn\u00e9ho mora \u0161\u00edril bubonick\u00fd mor (Justini\u00e1nov mor) a\u00a0zabil pribli\u017ene 100 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n Viete si predstavi\u0165, \u017ee by ste boli rok bez denn\u00e9ho svetla? zdroj: pexels.com\n<p>Historick\u00e9 osobnosti zaznamenali <strong>atmosf\u00e9ru,<\/strong> ktor\u00e1 rok 536 najviac vystihovala. Byzantsk\u00fd historik <strong>Procopius<\/strong> nap\u00edsal, \u017ee Slnko vyzeralo, akoby bolo v neust\u00e1lom zatmen\u00ed, \u201ebez jasu \u2013 ako mesiac po\u010das cel\u00e9ho roka.\u201c R\u00edmsky politik <strong>Cassiodor<\/strong> zase spomenul, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 zdroj svetla z\u00edskal modr\u00fd odtie\u0148, <strong>ro\u010dn\u00e9 obdobia zmizli a \u013eudia nemohli vidie\u0165 svoj tie\u0148.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ekologick\u00fd chaos priniesol mas\u00edvny ekonomick\u00fd pokles, ktor\u00fd ho ochromil na nasleduj\u00face storo\u010die, a\u017e k\u00fdm v roku 640 nebola objaven\u00e1 \u0165a\u017eba striebra. Po tomto objave sa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 postupne postavila na nohy a\u00a0za\u010dala napredova\u0165.<\/p>\n<h3>\u010co bolo pr\u00ed\u010dinou?<\/h3>\n<p>Michael McCormick v\u0161ak spolu so svojimi kolegami chceli pr\u00eds\u0165 na sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010d v\u0161etk\u00fdch tragick\u00fdch udalost\u00ed. T\u00edm analyzoval<strong> starovek\u00e9 \u013eadov\u00e9 jadro vytiahnut\u00e9 zo \u0161vaj\u010diarskych \u00c1lp,<\/strong> ktor\u00e9 obsahovalo neuverite\u013en\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie star\u00e9 2000 rokov. \u010castice prachu, kovu a vzduchom pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00fdch prvkov zamrznut\u00e9 na r\u00f4znych \u00farovniach 72 metrov dlh\u00e9ho jadra nazna\u010duj\u00fa, ako sa zmenila atmosf\u00e9ra nad Eur\u00f3pou za posledn\u00e9 dve tis\u00edcro\u010dia.<\/p>\n<p>Pri poh\u013eade na vzorky, ktor\u00e9 ozna\u010dovali rok 536, t\u00edm identifikoval dva mikroskopick\u00e9 \u010drepy vulkanick\u00e9ho skla. Ich p\u00f4vod sa zhodoval so sope\u010dn\u00fdmi horninami na Islande. Pod\u013ea vedcov tieto k\u00fasky dokazuj\u00fa <strong>rozsiahlu sope\u010dn\u00fa erupciu,<\/strong> ktor\u00e1 vychrlila do vzduchu nad severnou pologu\u013eou obludn\u00fd oblak popola. <strong>Prostredn\u00edctvom vetra<\/strong> sa mrak pos\u00faval smerom na juh a pohltil oblohu na viac ako rok.<\/p>\n<h3>Posun vpred<\/h3>\n<p>\u201eRok bez leta\u201c v\u0161ak nebol iba jednorazov\u00fdm ni\u010div\u00fdm \u00fakazom. V roku <strong>1815 vybuchla sopka Tambora<\/strong> na ostrove Sumbawa (dne\u0161n\u00e1 Indon\u00e9zia) a sp\u00f4sobila <strong>najsilnej\u0161iu sope\u010dn\u00fa erupciu v\u00a0modernej hist\u00f3ri\u00ed.<\/strong> Do atmosf\u00e9ry vychrlila tony oxidu siri\u010dit\u00e9ho, \u010do znamenalo, \u017ee priemern\u00e1 teplota na svete klesla o\u00a0jeden stupe\u0148. Bezprostredne po v\u00fdbuchu zahynulo pribli\u017ene 11 000 \u013eud\u00ed, zatia\u013e \u010do \u010fal\u0161ie tis\u00edce zomreli v nasleduj\u00facich mesiacoch a rokoch v d\u00f4sledku trval\u00fdch n\u00e1sledkov v\u00fdbuchu.<\/p>\n Viac ako 200 rokov dozadu zapr\u00ed\u010dinila Tambora pr\u00edrodn\u00fa katastrofu. zdroj: pinterest.com\n<p>Sk\u00famanie \u013eadov\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc okrem hlavnej pr\u00ed\u010diny zamorenia vzduchu, prinieslo d\u00f4kazy o\u00a0\u010fal\u0161\u00edch erup\u010dn\u00fdch udalostiach, ktor\u00e9 cel\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu len posilnili. V\u00fdbuchy nastali v\u00a0rokoch 540 a\u00a0547. Pod\u013ea vedcov kombinovan\u00e9 <strong>zne\u010distenie z tejto sope\u010dnej trojitej pohromy<\/strong> sp\u00f4sobilo viac ne\u017e len blokovanie slnka a ochladzovanie Zeme \u2013 to mohlo Eur\u00f3pu pripravi\u0165 na obdobie smrti a \u00fapadku, ktor\u00e9 trvalo 100 rokov.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee sme st\u00e1le na vrchu potravinov\u00e9ho re\u0165azca, aj t\u00e1to stra\u0161n\u00e1 doba musela raz pomin\u00fa\u0165. \u00a0V\u00fdskum \u010falej uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee <strong>v roku 640 vzorky z alpsk\u00e9ho \u013eadov\u00e9ho jadra vykazovali zn\u00e1mky nov\u00e9ho druhu zne\u010distenia ovzdu\u0161ia.<\/strong> Ke\u010f sa za\u010dalo \u0165a\u017ei\u0165 a\u00a0sprac\u00fava\u0165 striebro, do vzduchu sa uvo\u013e\u0148ovalo olovo. Nie pr\u00edli\u0161 dobr\u00fd vplyv na pr\u00edrodu v\u0161ak pomohol <strong>o\u017eivi\u0165 ekonomiku<\/strong>. T\u00e1 napredovala ako parn\u00fd stroj, ktor\u00fd sa stal symbolom priemyselnej revol\u00facie. Napriek tomu, \u017ee pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 katastrofy a\u00a0ochorenia n\u00e1m strp\u010duj\u00fa \u017eivot aj dnes, v\u00a0g\u00e9noch m\u00e1me zap\u00edsan\u00fa vytrvalos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zdroje: www.history.co.uk, www.livescience.com, www.science.org<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rozvoj spolo\u010dnosti dostal na 100 rokov stopku \u201eToto fakt nie je m\u00f4j rok.\u201c Veta, ktor\u00e1 po\u010das pand\u00e9mie medzi \u013eu\u010fmi rezonuje \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie. R\u00f4zne \u0161t\u00fadie sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7363","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7363","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7363"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7363\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7363"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7363"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}