{"id":7394,"date":"2021-12-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-11T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/macky-v-starovekom-egypte-spolocnici-alebo-bohovia\/"},"modified":"2021-12-12T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-12-11T23:00:00","slug":"macky-v-starovekom-egypte-spolocnici-alebo-bohovia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/macky-v-starovekom-egypte-spolocnici-alebo-bohovia\/","title":{"rendered":"Ma\u010dky v starovekom Egypte \u2013 spolo\u010dn\u00edci alebo bohovia ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong>Ma\u010dky domestikovali pred 10-12 tis\u00edc rokmi <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Ma\u010dky s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u013eudsk\u00fdch \u017eivotov u\u017e tis\u00edce rokov, d\u00e1 sa dokonca poveda\u0165, \u017ee mali nezastupite\u013en\u00fa \u00falohu v mnoh\u00fdch kult\u00farach. Aj ke\u010f v\u017edy z\u00e1hadnej ma\u010dke nie v\u0161etky civiliz\u00e1cie dok\u00e1zali porozumie\u0165, svoju hodnotu si obh\u00e1jila.<\/p>\n<p>Vo v\u0161eobecnosti sa <strong>prv\u00e1 domestik\u00e1cia ma\u010diek<\/strong> (cca pred 4000 rokmi) <strong>pripisuje Egyptu<\/strong>. Nie je to v\u0161ak celkom tak, preto\u017ee ich hist\u00f3ria v roli \u013eudsk\u00fdch spolo\u010dn\u00edkov siaha ove\u013ea \u010falej. Dnes je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee div\u00e9 ma\u010dky \u017eili medzi obyvate\u013emi <strong>Mezopot\u00e1mie pred viac ako 100-tis\u00edc rokmi<\/strong>. Domestikovan\u00e9 pritom boli pred 10-12 tis\u00edc rokmi p. n. l. \u2013 pribli\u017ene v\u00a0rovnakom \u010dase ako psy, ovce a\u00a0kozy. Archeologick\u00e9 vykop\u00e1vky z\u00a0posledn\u00fdch desiatich rokov priniesli d\u00f4kazy, \u017ee \u201ebl\u00edzkov\u00fdchodn\u00e1\u201c ma\u010dka div\u00e1 je najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdm s\u00fa\u010dasnej ma\u010dky dom\u00e1cej.<\/p>\n<p>Prv\u00e1 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rska revol\u00facia zmenila lovcov a zbera\u010dov na farm\u00e1rov, ktor\u00ed opustili svoj nom\u00e1dsky sp\u00f4sob \u017eivota. A\u00a0pr\u00e1ve farm\u00e1ri na Bl\u00edzkom v\u00fdchode boli s\u00a0najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou prv\u00fdmi \u013eu\u010fmi, ktor\u00fdm sa podarilo \u00faspe\u0161ne skroti\u0165 div\u00e9 ma\u010dky. N\u00e1sledne o\u00a0nieko\u013eko tis\u00edc rokov nesk\u00f4r sa pozd\u013a\u017e n\u00e1morn\u00fdch obchodn\u00fdch ciest roz\u0161\u00edrili do starovek\u00e9ho Egypta.<\/p>\n<p>Dnes \u017eij\u00fa ma\u010dky na v\u0161etk\u00fdch kontinentoch okrem Antarkt\u00eddy. Vedci sa domnievaj\u00fa, \u017ee ich v\u00fdskyt na farm\u00e1ch mal svoje opodstatnenie. \u017divili sa toti\u017e hlavne my\u0161ami, ktor\u00e9 sa chceli dosta\u0165 do skladu s\u00a0obil\u00edm \u2013 <strong>takto sa pod\u013ea nich za\u010dal dlh\u00fd a\u00a0vz\u00e1jomne prospe\u0161n\u00fd vz\u0165ah \u013eud\u00ed s\u00a0ma\u010dkami<\/strong>. Ma\u010dky kedysi neboli iba leniv\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1 pova\u013euj\u00face sa na pr\u00edhodn\u00fdch miestach. Str\u00e1vili tis\u00edce rokov ako lapa\u010di potkanov na lodiach a farm\u00e1ch, k\u00fdm sa \u00faplne udom\u00e1cnili.<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;<strong><em>Povedal by som, \u017ee ma\u010dky si vybrali \u013eudsk\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165, ale \u0161lo o komenz\u00e1lny \u00a0(spolu \u017eij\u00faci) vz\u0165ah &#8211; bolo to v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 pre obe strany,&#8220; <\/em><\/strong>vysvetlil Dr Geigl z Institut Jacques Monod v Par\u00ed\u017ei.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Za zabitie ma\u010dky hrozil trest smrti <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0160pecifick\u00e1 l\u00e1ska star\u00fdch Egyp\u0165anov k ma\u010dk\u00e1m je viac ako zn\u00e1ma. Toto elegantn\u00e9 stvorenie obdivovan\u00e9 pre svoje loveck\u00e9 schopnosti dosiahlo bo\u017esk\u00fd status a stalo sa pevnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou staroegyptskej spolo\u010dnosti. Mno\u017estvo honosn\u00fdch malieb na hroboch, vzne\u0161en\u00e9 sochy \u010di prepracovan\u00e9 \u0161perky s\u00fa d\u00f4kazom egyptskej n\u00e1klonnosti k nim. V krajine fara\u00f3nov sa ma\u010dky rozmazn\u00e1vali, re\u0161pektovali a chr\u00e1nili. Ritu\u00e1lne zab\u00edjanie ma\u010diek sa nezakazovalo, ak ju v\u0161ak niekto zabil svojvo\u013ene \u010dakal ho <strong>tvrd\u00fd trest \u2013 \u010dastokr\u00e1t aj trest smrti<\/strong> (tento z\u00e1kon pretrval v Egypte a\u017e do roku 450 p. n. l.) V\u00fdvoz ma\u010diek zo starovek\u00e9ho Egypta bol tak pr\u00edsne zak\u00e1zan\u00fd, \u017ee sa vytvorila pobo\u010dka vl\u00e1dy v\u00fdlu\u010dne na rie\u0161enie tohto probl\u00e9mu. Vysielali tak svojich vl\u00e1dnych agentov, aby na\u0161li a vr\u00e1tili ma\u010dky, ktor\u00e9 sa \u013eu\u010fom podarilo prepa\u0161ova\u0165.<\/p>\n Ma\u010dky sa stali bo\u017esk\u00fdm symbolom Egypta. Zdroj:sk.pinterest.com\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Bohy\u0148a s\u00a0ma\u010dacou hlavou<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Ma\u010dacia bohy\u0148a \u010di <strong>bohy\u0148a Bastet<\/strong> (zobrazovan\u00e1 ako ma\u010dka alebo \u017eena s\u00a0ma\u010dacou hlavou) patrila medzi najob\u013e\u00fabenej\u0161ie bo\u017estv\u00e1 egyptsk\u00e9ho pante\u00f3nu. Pova\u017eovala sa za str\u00e1\u017eky\u0148u krbu a\u00a0domova, ochranky\u0148u \u017eensk\u00fdch tajomstiev, chr\u00e1nila pred zl\u00fdmi duchmi, chorobami a\u00a0v\u00a0neposlednom rade kra\u013eovala ma\u010dk\u00e1m. Za ritu\u00e1lne mesto tejto bohyne sa ozna\u010dovalo <strong>Bubastis<\/strong> (\u201eDom Bastet\u201c), v ktorom pod\u013ea <strong>Herodota <\/strong>(484 \u2013 425 p. n. l.) na jej po\u010des\u0165 vybudovali obrovsk\u00fd chr\u00e1mov\u00fd komplex. Pod\u013ea neho sa taktie\u017e Egyp\u0165ania starali o svoje ma\u010dky a\u017e do tej miery, \u017ee ich bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 kl\u00e1dli nad \u013eudsk\u00fd \u017eivot a majetok. Ke\u010f napr\u00edklad ich domy pohltili plamene, z\u00e1chranou ma\u010diek sa zaoberali viac ne\u017e \u010d\u00edmko\u013evek in\u00fdm.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e9rodotos \u010falej p\u00ed\u0161e: <strong><em>\u201eKe\u010f zomrie ma\u010dka, v\u0161etci obyvatelia domu si oholia obo\u010die (na znak hlbok\u00e9ho sm\u00fatku).\u201c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>M\u0155tve ma\u010dky prev\u00e1\u017eali do Bubastis, kde ich balzamovali a pochovali v posv\u00e4tn\u00fdch n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch. Obdobie sm\u00fatku sa skon\u010dilo, ke\u010f \u013eu\u010fom znova nar\u00e1stlo obo\u010die. Mumifikovan\u00e9 ma\u010dky sa na\u0161li najm\u00e4 v Bubastis, ale aj na in\u00fdch miestach v Egypte \u2013 pochovan\u00e9 s majite\u013emi alebo aspo\u0148 v ich bl\u00edzkosti. Sved\u010dili o tom pe\u010date, ktor\u00e9 sa na\u0161li na m\u00fami\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n Replika sochy Bastet &#8211; ma\u010dacej bohyne. Zdroj:sk.pinterest.com\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Vzne\u0161en\u00e9 postavenie sa im podarilo udr\u017ea\u0165 <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Ma\u010dky si v Egypte po st\u00e1ro\u010dia udr\u017eiavali svoje vzne\u0161en\u00e9 postavenie, ktor\u00e9 starovek\u00e9 zdroje dokumentovali do najmen\u0161\u00edch detailov. Ani zmeny \u201ere\u017eimu\u201c ich piedest\u00e1l neohrozili a stali sa neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u013eudsk\u00fdch dej\u00edn. Uctievali ich aj \u013eudia v<strong>\u00a0ptolemaiovskom <\/strong>and<strong>\u00a0r\u00edmskom Egypte<\/strong> (Aegyptus), a\u00a0to po\u010das \u010fal\u0161\u00edch mnoh\u00fdch rokov.<\/p>\n<p>Svoje postavenie stratili a\u017e s\u00a0pr\u00edchodom kres\u0165anstva. V\u00a0dne\u0161nej modernej dobe soci\u00e1lnych siet\u00ed a\u00a0vysokor\u00fdchlostnej komunik\u00e1cie sa im v\u0161ak op\u00e4\u0165 podarilo prenikn\u00fa\u0165 do \u013eudsk\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n Pod\u013ea Herodota v domoch, v ktor\u00fdch ma\u010dka zomrela prirodzenou smr\u0165ou si v\u0161etci \u010dlenovia dom\u00e1cnosti oholili obo\u010die. Zdroj:sk.pinterest.com\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Zdroje: www.bbc.com, www.worldhistory.org, www.thecollector.com<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj titulnej fotografie: thecollector.com<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ma\u010dky domestikovali pred 10-12 tis\u00edc rokmi Ma\u010dky s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u013eudsk\u00fdch \u017eivotov u\u017e tis\u00edce rokov, d\u00e1 sa dokonca poveda\u0165, \u017ee mali nezastupite\u013en\u00fa \u00falohu v mnoh\u00fdch kult\u00farach.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7394","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7394","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7394"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7394\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7394"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7394"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}