{"id":7413,"date":"2021-12-21T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-20T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/wood-wide-web-ako-spolu-stromy-tajne-komunikuju\/"},"modified":"2021-12-21T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-12-20T23:00:00","slug":"wood-wide-web-ako-spolu-stromy-tajne-komunikuju","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/wood-wide-web-ako-spolu-stromy-tajne-komunikuju\/","title":{"rendered":"Wood Wide Web: Ako spolu stromy tajne komunikuj\u00fa"},"content":{"rendered":"Wood Wide Web (Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 foto: Wilhelm Gunkel)\n<p><strong>Stromy<\/strong> pri fotosynt\u00e9ze uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa sacharidy do zeme, \u010d\u00edm poskytuj\u00fa <strong>zdroje energie pre in\u00e9 organizmy<\/strong>. Podzemn\u00e9 mikroorganizmy na opl\u00e1tku <strong>sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa jednotliv\u00e9 rastliny<\/strong> tak, aby boli rovnomerne rozmiestnen\u00e9 po celej ploche lesa s dostatkom \u017eiv\u00edn. Inform\u00e1cie ukryt\u00e9 v tomto vz\u00e1cnom prepojen\u00ed poskytuj\u00fa <strong>k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 \u00fadaje o v\u0161etkom \u017eivote na na\u0161ej plan\u00e9te<\/strong>. <strong>Suzanne Simardov\u00e1<\/strong> po\u010das svojej doktorandskej pr\u00e1ce v roku 1997 objavila po prv\u00fd kr\u00e1t tento <strong>informa\u010dn\u00fd a komunika\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m medzi mikroorganizmami, rastlinami a hubami<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><em>T\u00e1to podzemn\u00e1 soci\u00e1lna sie\u0165, star\u00e1 takmer 500 mili\u00f3nov rokov, sa stala zn\u00e1mou ako \u201ewood wide web\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Profesor Thomas Crowther<\/strong> so svoj\u00edm t\u00edmom vedcov z Crowtherovho laborat\u00f3ria na ETH Z\u00fcrich vo \u0160vaj\u010diarsku a Stanfordovej univerzity sa rozhodli pou\u017ei\u0165 strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie na zmapovanie tejto zlo\u017eitej siete h\u00fab a bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed, ktor\u00e1 sp\u00e1ja stromy.<\/p>\n<h3>Obrovsk\u00e1 datab\u00e1za<\/h3>\n<p>D\u00e1ta, s ktor\u00fdmi pracoval vedeck\u00fd t\u00fdm zahr\u0148ovali inform\u00e1cie o 28 000 druhoch stromov \u017eij\u00facich vo viac ako 70 krajin\u00e1ch sveta. Zistenia viedli k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 druhy mikroorganizmov \u017eij\u00fa len v ur\u010dit\u00fdch oblastiach sveta. Inform\u00e1cie z\u00edskan\u00e9 o v\u00fdskyte mikroorganizmov a o ich spojen\u00ed s rastlinami pom\u00f4\u017eu v\u00fdskumn\u00edkom a ochrancom pr\u00edrody zisti\u0165, ako obnovi\u0165 konkr\u00e9tne bioregi\u00f3ny na celom svete.<\/p>\n<h3>2 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 druhy h\u00fab<\/h3>\n<p>Huby vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa mykor\u00edzu s kore\u0148mi rastl\u00edn a prostredn\u00edctvom t\u00fdchto spojen\u00ed si odovzd\u00e1vaj\u00fa l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 oba organizmy potrebuj\u00fa na svoj rast. <strong>Mykor\u00edza je v\u0161ade<\/strong>. Ka\u017ed\u00fd meter v lese, m\u00f4\u017eu pokr\u00fdva\u0165 <strong>stovky kilometrov husto ulo\u017een\u00fdch hubov\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien<\/strong>. S\u00fa to optick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble lesnej siete.<\/p>\n<p><em>Mykor\u00edza je obojstranne prospe\u0161n\u00fd vz\u0165ah, kde huba z\u00edskava najm\u00e4 sacharidy, rastlina zase miner\u00e1lne soli, hlavne fosfore\u010d\u0148any.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ektomykor\u00edzne huby (EM)<\/strong> sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou vyskytuj\u00fa <strong>v chladnom a suchom podneb\u00ed<\/strong>. Tieto huby obklopuj\u00fa korene stromov bez toho, aby do nich prenikali. Tak\u00e9to spojenie umo\u017e\u0148uje mikr\u00f3bom nas\u00e1va\u0165 to, \u010do potrebuj\u00fa, bez toho, aby sa naru\u0161il vo\u013en\u00fd tok inform\u00e1ci\u00ed medzi stromami. Mno\u017estvo uskladnen\u00e9ho uhl\u00edka a pomal\u0161\u00ed sp\u00f4sob jeho uvo\u013e\u0148ovania v tomto vz\u0165ahu medzi hubami a rastlinami je \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161\u00ed v boji proti klimatick\u00fdm zmen\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p>Narozdiel od EM h\u00fab, <strong>arbuskul\u00e1rne huby (AM)<\/strong> prenikaj\u00fa do kore\u0148ov stromov. Tento druh sa\u00a0 vyskytuje <strong>v teplej\u0161om a vlh\u0161om podneb\u00ed<\/strong> a vytv\u00e1ra r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed kolobeh uhl\u00edka. S otep\u013eovan\u00edm Zeme za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa lesy vo vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zemepisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00edrkach prech\u00e1dza\u0165 z EM na AM, \u010d\u00edm takisto str\u00e1caj\u00fa svoju d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa komunika\u010dn\u00fa sie\u0165. Moment\u00e1lne je 60% v\u0161etk\u00fdch stromov prepojen\u00fdch EM hubami.<\/p>\n M\u00e1lo sa o nich hovor\u00ed, ale tvoria ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa r\u00ed\u0161u na na\u0161ej zemi. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z nich sa ukr\u00fdva pod zemou. (Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 foto: Jesse Dodds)\n<h3>Ako funguje mykor\u00edzna sie\u0165?<\/h3>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161ia \u00farove\u0148 interakcie je v\u00fdmena \u017eiv\u00edn medzi susedn\u00fdmi rastlinami, ktor\u00e9 <strong>vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa huby ako dopravn\u00fa cestu<\/strong>. Ako sa hubov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna \u0161\u00edria, m\u00f4\u017eu sa sp\u00e1ja\u0165 s viacer\u00fdmi rastlinami a vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 spolo\u010dn\u00e9 siete. Prostredn\u00edctvom t\u00fdchto siet\u00ed si rastliny m\u00f4\u017eu vymie\u0148a\u0165 <strong>cukry, \u017eiviny, vodu aj d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Z v\u00fdskumov vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee jednotliv\u00e9 <strong>rastliny sa delia s t\u00fdmi, ktor\u00ed to potrebuj\u00fa<\/strong>. Matersk\u00e9 stromy posielaj\u00fa uhl\u00edk sadeniciam a <strong>odumieraj\u00face stromy daruj\u00fa \u017eiviny svojim susedom<\/strong>. Niektor\u00e9 stromy dokonca prejavuj\u00fa priaze\u0148 a poskytuj\u00fa viac zdrojov bl\u00edzkym pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdm rastlin\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p>V\u010faka prepojeniu v\u0161etk\u00fdch svojich obyvate\u013eov lesy vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa <strong>obrovsk\u00e9 superorganizmy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Dark Web<\/h3>\n<p>Ako aj online sie\u0165, aj mykor\u00edzna sie\u0165 ma svoju<strong> temn\u00fa str\u00e1nku<\/strong>. Na ka\u017ed\u00fa brezu, ktor\u00e1 daruje uhl\u00edk svojim susedom jedliam, pripad\u00e1 orchidea, ktor\u00e1 uhl\u00edk z okolit\u00fdch stromov kradne. Na ka\u017ed\u00fa rastlinu, ktor\u00e1 informuje ostatn\u00e9 o vypuknut\u00ed choroby, existuje jedna, ktor\u00e1 vy\u0161le tox\u00edny, aby zabila svojich konkurentov.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"How trees secretly talk to each other - BBC News\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yWOqeyPIVRo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em>Tak ako \u013eudsk\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165, aj rastlinn\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 sa vyzna\u010duje rozmanitos\u0165ou, schopnos\u0165ou pom\u00e1ha\u0165 a br\u00e1ni\u0165, spolupracova\u0165 a vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165. Pr\u00edroda je postaven\u00e1 na prepojeniach a my tie\u017e.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stromy pri fotosynt\u00e9ze uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa sacharidy do zeme, \u010d\u00edm poskytuj\u00fa zdroje energie pre in\u00e9 organizmy. Podzemn\u00e9 mikroorganizmy na opl\u00e1tku sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa jednotliv\u00e9 rastliny tak, aby boli rovnomerne<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7413","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7413","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7413"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7413\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7413"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7413"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7413"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}