{"id":7465,"date":"2022-01-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-09T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/dokaze-sa-voda-zmenit-na-zlato\/"},"modified":"2022-01-10T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-01-09T23:00:00","slug":"dokaze-sa-voda-zmenit-na-zlato","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/dokaze-sa-voda-zmenit-na-zlato\/","title":{"rendered":"Dok\u00e1\u017ee sa voda zmeni\u0165 na zlato?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Mo\u017en\u00e1 existencia kovovej vody<\/h3>\n<p>V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee <strong>nefiltrovan\u00e1 voda m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 elektrinu.<\/strong> Pr\u00ed\u010dinou je, \u017ee<strong> obsahuje vysok\u00e9 mno\u017estvo soli,<\/strong> preto m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00e1porne nabit\u00e9 elektr\u00f3ny \u013eahko pr\u00fadi\u0165 medzi jej molekulami. Vy\u010disten\u00e1 voda v\u0161ak obsahuje iba molekuly vody, ktor\u00fdch najvzdialenej\u0161ie elektr\u00f3ny zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa viazan\u00e9 na ich ur\u010den\u00e9 at\u00f3my. To je d\u00f4vod, pre\u010do nem\u00f4\u017eu vo\u013ene pr\u00fadi\u0165 \u010distou vodou.<\/p>\n Mohla by najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia plan\u00e9ta slne\u010dnej s\u00fastavy skr\u00fdva\u0165 kovov\u00fa vodu? zdroj: unsplash.com\n<p>\u010co sa t\u00fdka teoretickej roviny, ak by sa na \u010dist\u00fa vodu aplikoval dostato\u010dn\u00fd tlak, molekuly vody by sa stla\u010dili dohromady a\u00a0najvzdialenej\u0161ie elektr\u00f3ny by sa prekryli. To by im umo\u017enilo vo\u013ene pr\u00fadi\u0165 medzi ka\u017edou molekulou a technicky by premenilo vodu na kov. Na t\u00fato met\u00f3du by ale bol potrebn\u00fd obrovsk\u00fd tlak, ktor\u00fd na Zemi nie je mo\u017en\u00fd. Preto sa vedci domnievaj\u00fa, \u017ee<strong> kov sformovan\u00fd z\u00a0vody by sa mohol nach\u00e1dza\u0165 v jadr\u00e1ch obrovsk\u00fdch plan\u00e9t ako Jupiter, Nept\u00fan a Ur\u00e1n.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Nov\u00fd experiment ukazuje zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky<\/h3>\n<p>Praktick\u00fd experiment uk\u00e1zal nielen prevratn\u00fd v\u00fdsledok, ale pre vedcov znamenal aj odklonenie sa od menej z\u00e1bavn\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed. Predpoklad na vykonanie anal\u00fdzy tkvel v sp\u00f4sobe, ak\u00fdm by sa voda mohla sta\u0165 vodi\u010dom elektriny. Ide o <strong>\u201epo\u017ei\u010diavanie\u201c elektr\u00f3nov z alkalick\u00fdch kovov, v tomto pr\u00edpade sod\u00edka a drasl\u00edka.<\/strong> Tieto reakt\u00edvne prvky maj\u00fa tendenciu darova\u0165 svoj najvzdialenej\u0161\u00ed elektr\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201eV\u00f4bec sme si neboli ist\u00ed \u017ee to n\u00e1jdeme. Bolo to \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9, ako ke\u010f objav\u00edte nov\u00fd prvok,&#8220;<\/strong> <strong>hovor\u00ed Pavel Jungwirth<\/strong>, fyzik\u00e1lny chemik z \u010ceskej akad\u00e9mie vied v\u00a0Prahe. Predt\u00fdm viedol podobn\u00fd pokus so svoj\u00edm kolegom, <strong>Philipom Masonom<\/strong> (ktor\u00fd vedeck\u00e9 vide\u00e1 zverej\u0148uje na <strong>Youtube<\/strong>), kedy experiment vykon\u00e1vali na amoniaku. Skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee amoniak sa v tak\u00fdchto podmienkach m\u00f4\u017ee leskn\u00fa\u0165, vedel u\u017e <strong>britsk\u00fd chemik Humphry Davy<\/strong> na za\u010diatku 19. storo\u010dia.<\/p>\n Aj ke\u010f ide o prelomov\u00fd \u00faspech experimentu, sl\u00fa\u017ei hlavne k spopularizovaniu vedy. zdroj: nanowerk.com\n<p>Predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e skupina za\u010dala so sk\u00faman\u00edm, \u010delila v\u00fdzve.<strong> Alkalick\u00e9 kovy zvykn\u00fa pri zmie\u0161an\u00ed vodou reagova\u0165 v\u00fdbu\u0161ne.<\/strong> Rie\u0161en\u00edm bolo navrhn\u00fa\u0165 zostavu, ktor\u00e1 by dramaticky spomalila reakciu, aby nedo\u0161lo k expl\u00f3zi\u00ed. Experimenty na kruhovom ur\u00fdch\u013eova\u010di \u010dast\u00edc <strong>(synchrotr\u00f3n)<\/strong> v Berl\u00edne potvrdili, \u017ee zlat\u00e1 vrstva preuk\u00e1zala znaky o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e9 od kovovej vody. <strong>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dom k zabr\u00e1neniu v\u00fdbuchu bolo n\u00e1js\u0165 \u010dasov\u00e9 okno,<\/strong> v ktorom bol rozptyl elektr\u00f3nov r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed ako reakcia medzi vodou a kovmi.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdskumn\u00edci naplnili injek\u010dn\u00fa strieka\u010dku sod\u00edkom a drasl\u00edkom. Tak\u00e1to zmes je pri izbovej teplote tekut\u00e1. N\u00e1sledne ju umiestnili\u00a0 do v\u00e1kuovej komory. Potom pou\u017eili strieka\u010dku na vytvorenie kvapiek kovovej zmesi a vystavili ich mal\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00e1m vodnej pary. Voda sa na ka\u017edej kvapke zrazila a<strong> vytvorila vrstvu s hr\u00fabkou jednej desatiny mikrometra.<\/strong> Elektr\u00f3ny z\u00a0kvap\u00f4\u010dky sa r\u00fdchlo rozpt\u00fdlili do vody \u2013 spolu s kladn\u00fdmi kovov\u00fdmi i\u00f3nmi \u2013 a<strong> v priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch sek\u00fand sa vodn\u00e1 vrstva zmenila na zlat\u00fa.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Ke\u010f voda poru\u0161uje z\u00e1kony fyziky<\/h3>\n<p>Aj ke\u010f si m\u00f4\u017eeme myslie\u0165, \u017ee voda n\u00e1s svojimi vlastnos\u0165ami nem\u00f4\u017ee prekvapi\u0165, n\u00e1jdu sa v\u00fdnimky, ktor\u00e9 potvrdzuj\u00fa pravidlo. Dokonca nieko\u013eko pravidiel. Ke\u010f kvapka vody dopadne na povrch, ktor\u00fd je ove\u013ea teplej\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je jej bod varu, m\u00f4\u017ee sa pohybova\u0165 po povrchu dlh\u0161ie, ne\u017e by ste \u010dakali. Tento jav m\u00e1 dokonca ofici\u00e1lny n\u00e1zov, a to <strong>Leidenfrostov efekt<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong> Vyskytuje sa, ke\u010f sa <strong>spodn\u00e1 vrstva kvapky vypar\u00ed a molekuly plynnej vody v tejto vrstve nemaj\u00fa kam unikn\u00fa\u0165.<\/strong> Ich pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 teda izoluje zvy\u0161ok kvapky a br\u00e1ni jej dotkn\u00fa\u0165 sa hor\u00faceho povrchu pod \u0148ou. Kvapka tak pre\u017eije nieko\u013eko sek\u00fand bez toho, aby sa vyparila.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Leidenfrost Effect - Hot pan + Water\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/u-eYykJj4rM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Zn\u00e1my je fakt, \u017ee<strong> tenu\u010dk\u00e1 vrstva tekutiny na povrchu pevn\u00e9ho \u013eadu sp\u00f4sobuje jeho \u0161myk\u013eavos\u0165.<\/strong> Teoretici \u0161pekulovali o d\u00f4vode k\u013azania. M\u00f4\u017ee n\u00edm by\u0165 kontakt top\u00e1nky s\u00a0\u013eadom, v\u010faka ktor\u00e9mu sa povrch roztop\u00ed. In\u00ed s\u00fa presved\u010den\u00ed o existencii vrstvy tekutiny je tu e\u0161te predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e na \u013ead st\u00fapime. Pod\u013ea nich je nejak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom generovan\u00e1 vlastn\u00fdm pohybom povrchov\u00fdch molek\u00fal.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f je <strong>medzi vodou a vonkaj\u0161\u00edm vzduchom obrovsk\u00fd teplotn\u00fd rozdiel,<\/strong> nast\u00e1va prekvapiv\u00fd efekt. <strong>Voda sa premen\u00ed na sneh a vypar\u00ed sa.<\/strong>\u00a0 V podstate ide o ve\u013ek\u00fa<strong> hustotu extr\u00e9mne studen\u00e9ho vzduchu<\/strong> a jeho molekuly s\u00fa rozmiestnen\u00e9 tak bl\u00edzko, \u017ee neost\u00e1va ve\u013ea miesta na pren\u00e1\u0161anie vodnej pary. Na druhej strane <strong>vriaca voda ve\u013emi \u013eahko uvo\u013e\u0148uje paru.<\/strong> Ke\u010f sa vyvrhne do vzduchu, rozpadne sa na kvap\u00f4\u010dky, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu plochu, z ktorej m\u00f4\u017eu vystupova\u0165 pary. To predstavuje probl\u00e9m. Pary je viac, ne\u017e dok\u00e1\u017ee vzduch zadr\u017ea\u0165, tak\u017ee sa \u201evyzr\u00e1\u017ea\u201c pri\u013enut\u00edm k mikroskopick\u00fdm \u010dasticiam vo vzduchu (sod\u00edk alebo v\u00e1pnik) a <strong>tvor\u00ed kry\u0161t\u00e1ly &#8211; snehov\u00e9 vlo\u010dky.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Zdroje: www.livescience.com, www.nature.com<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tituln\u00e1 fotografia: nature.com<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 existencia kovovej vody V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee nefiltrovan\u00e1 voda m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 elektrinu. Pr\u00ed\u010dinou je, \u017ee obsahuje vysok\u00e9 mno\u017estvo soli, preto m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00e1porne nabit\u00e9<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7465","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7465"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7465\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7465"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7465"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7465"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}