{"id":7475,"date":"2022-01-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-16T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/je-sikana-prirodzenou-sucastou-dospievania\/"},"modified":"2022-01-17T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-01-16T23:00:00","slug":"je-sikana-prirodzenou-sucastou-dospievania","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/je-sikana-prirodzenou-sucastou-dospievania\/","title":{"rendered":"Je \u0161ikana nevyhnutnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou dospievania?"},"content":{"rendered":"\u0160ikana je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u013eudsk\u00fdch kolekt\u00edvov od nepam\u00e4ti, av\u0161ak a\u017e v pr\u00edchodom civilizovanej\u0161ej spolo\u010dnosti vznikaj\u00fa snahy akt\u00edvne jej \u010deli\u0165 a tresta\u0165 ju. Napriek tomu e\u0161te aj dnes v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina slovensk\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l prizn\u00e1va, \u017ee so \u0161ikanou sk\u00fasenos\u0165 m\u00e1. ILUSTRA\u010cN\u00c1 FOTOGRAFIA\n

Takmer v\u0161etci sme sa stretli so \u0161ikanou. Mo\u017eno sme boli t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed \u0161ikanovali. Mo\u017eno sme boli t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed boli \u0161ikanovan\u00ed a mo\u017eno sme sa len ne\u010dinne prizerali. T\u00ed najodv\u00e1\u017enej\u0161\u00ed si napokon otvorili \u00fasta a za\u010dali meni\u0165 realitu. Preto sa nat\u00edska ot\u00e1zka: ,,Je \u0161ikana nevyhnutnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou dospievania?\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010co je to \u0161ikanovanie?<\/h3>\n

\u0160ikana nast\u00e1va vtedy, ke\u010f jeden alebo viacer\u00ed \u00fato\u010dn\u00edci (napr\u00edklad \u0161tudenti) opakovane nap\u00e1daj\u00fa svoje obete (v na\u0161om pr\u00edpade spolu\u017eiakov). M\u00f4\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 o\u00a0fyzick\u00fa alebo slovn\u00fa agresivitu.<\/strong> Treba hovori\u0165 aj o\u00a0n\u00e1siln\u00fdch pr\u00edkazoch (nap\u00edsa\u0165 dom\u00e1cu \u00falohu), ni\u010denie a\u00a0kr\u00e1de\u017e vec\u00ed \u00a0\u010di vyradenie obete z\u00a0kolekt\u00edvu. \u0160ikanou m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aj neust\u00e1le posmievanie sa<\/strong> \u010dloveku (samozrejme, treba rozli\u0161ova\u0165 \u010di ide o\u00a0nevinn\u00e9 podpichovanie).<\/p>\n

Ministerstvo \u0161kolstva v smernici definuje \u0161ikanovanie ako: ,,spr\u00e1vanie \u017eiaka, ktor\u00e9ho \u00famyslom je ubl\u00ed\u017eenie, ohrozenie alebo zastra\u0161ovanie in\u00e9ho \u017eiaka alebo \u00famyseln\u00fd spravidla opakovan\u00fd \u00fatok vo\u010di \u017eiakovi alebo skupine \u017eiakov, ktor\u00ed sa z r\u00f4znych d\u00f4vodov nevedia alebo nem\u00f4\u017eu br\u00e1ni\u0165.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi \u0161ikanou a\u00a0kyber\u0161ikanou?<\/h3>\n

Kyber\u0161ikana nem\u00e1 \u010dasov\u00e9 a\u00a0priestorov\u00e9 obmedzenie<\/strong>. Obe\u0165 m\u00f4\u017eeme kontaktova\u0165 kedyko\u013evek a\u00a0kdeko\u013evek, teda nem\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 \u00faniku. \u00dato\u010dn\u00edk a\u00a0obe\u0165 nie s\u00fa v\u00a0priamom kontakte, pri\u010dom jeho moc vych\u00e1dza najm\u00e4 zo zru\u010dnost\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti technol\u00f3gi\u00ed. Kyber\u0161ikana sa ne\u0161\u00edri len v\u00a0uzavretej bubline, ale dost\u00e1va sa medzi \u010fal\u0161\u00edch \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa tie\u017e online.<\/p>\n Pri \u0161ikane \u010dasto doch\u00e1dza aj k fyzick\u00e9mu napadnutiu. | foto: pexels.com\n

N\u00e1\u0161 z\u00e1kon nepozn\u00e1 pojem \u0161ikanovanie<\/h3>\n

Je to PARADOX<\/strong>. Hoci Slov\u00e1ci vym\u00fd\u0161\u013eaj\u00fa lietaj\u00face aut\u00e1, tak ako spolo\u010dnos\u0165 sme sa \u010faleko nedostali. Na\u0161e z\u00e1kony nemaj\u00fa trestnopr\u00e1vne vymedzen\u00fd pojem ,,\u0161ikanovanie\u201c a ani ,,kyber\u0161ikana\u201c. \u00a0To v\u0161ak neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u00e1chate\u013e zostane nepotrestan\u00fd. Agresor v pr\u00edpade \u0161ikanovania zrejme poru\u0161\u00ed niektor\u00e9 z uveden\u00fdch z\u00e1konov<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 vyhr\u00e1\u017eanie (\u00a7 360a Trestn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona)<\/li>\n
  • ubl\u00ed\u017eenie na zdrav\u00ed (\u00a7 155 a \u00a7 156 Trestn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona)<\/li>\n
  • vydieranie (\u00a7 189 Trestn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona)<\/li>\n
  • n\u00e1tlak (\u00a7 192 Trestn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona)<\/li>\n
  • hrub\u00fd n\u00e1tlak (\u00a7 190 Trestn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    O\u00a0\u010fal\u0161\u00edch sa m\u00f4\u017eete do\u010d\u00edta\u0165 napr\u00edklad v\u00a0Smernici \u010d. 36\/2018 Ministerstva \u0161kolstva <\/strong>k prevencii a rie\u0161eniu \u0161ikanovania det\u00ed a \u017eiakov v \u0161kol\u00e1ch a \u0161kolsk\u00fdch zariadeniach.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Takmer v\u0161etky \u0161koly rie\u0161ia probl\u00e9m so \u0161ikanovan\u00edm<\/h3>\n Za \u0161ikanu oby\u010dajne pova\u017eujeme opakovan\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 \u00fatoky, ale jej podstatou je aj oby\u010dajn\u00e9 cielen\u00e9 ohov\u00e1rania a zosmie\u0161\u0148ovanie jednotlivca \u010di skupiny. V\u0161etky sp\u00f4soby \u0161ikany maj\u00fa spolo\u010dn\u00fd cie\u013e ubli\u017eova\u0165. Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 fotografia\n

    V\u00fdskumom z\u00a0roku 2020 sa zistilo, \u017ee s\u00a0t\u00fdmto probl\u00e9mom sa stretla v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina slovensk\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l<\/strong>. Hovor\u00edme o\u00a086,3 percent\u00e1ch. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee skoro v\u0161etky deti si prejd\u00fa ur\u010ditou formou \u0161ikany. Teda nemo\u017eno<\/strong> z\u00a0t\u00fdchto vo\u013ene dostupn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed vyl\u00fa\u010di\u0165, \u017ee ide o\u00a0nevyhnutn\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 dospievania.<\/strong> A to aj napriek tomu, \u017ee povinn\u00e9 osoby zabezpe\u010dili kroky k tomu, aby sa \u0161ikanovaniu prech\u00e1dzalo, a to formou zaradenia nasledovn\u00fdch t\u00e9m do v\u00fdchovno-vzdel\u00e1vacieho procesu:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • osobn\u00fd a soci\u00e1lny rozvoj<\/li>\n
    • medi\u00e1lna v\u00fdchova<\/li>\n
    • multikult\u00farna v\u00fdchova<\/li>\n
    • ochrana \u017eivota a\u00a0zdravia<\/li>\n
    • v\u00fdchova a vzdel\u00e1vanie k \u013eudsk\u00fdm pr\u00e1vam<\/li>\n
    • v\u00fdchova k\u00a0ob\u010dianstvu<\/li>\n
    • boj proti extr\u00e9mizmu<\/li>\n
    • v\u00fdchova k man\u017eelstvu a rodi\u010dovstvu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Mo\u017enou prevenciou pred v\u00fdskytom \u0161ikany je aj v\u0161\u00edmanie si skupiny \u017eiakov z poh\u013eadu pedag\u00f3ga. Prv\u00fdm varovn\u00fdm sign\u00e1lom<\/strong> spravidla b\u00fdva vy\u010dlenenie jedinca z\u00a0kolekt\u00edvu.\u00a0Toto \u0161t\u00e1dium sa naz\u00fdva ostrakizmus<\/strong>. Spolu\u017eiaci sa s\u00a0vy\u010dlenen\u00fdm die\u0165a\u0165om nezdravia, nesadaj\u00fa si k\u00a0nemu, ohov\u00e1raj\u00fa ho.<\/strong> Tie\u017e obe\u0165 zosmie\u0161\u0148uj\u00fa, provokuj\u00fa a\u00a0obvi\u0148uj\u00fa z\u00a0nie\u010doho, \u010doho sa nedopustila.<\/p>\n

      Pre\u010do doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0\u0161ikanovaniu?<\/h3>\n

      K\u00a0\u0161ikanovaniu doch\u00e1dza z\u00a0r\u00f4znych d\u00f4vodov. Niekedy je to len preto, \u017ee sa \u017eiak odli\u0161uje od ostatn\u00fdch. Deti si radi robia srandu z\u00a0niekoho, kto nezapad\u00e1 do ,,norm\u00e1lu\u201c. Preto za inakos\u0165ou m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165 napr\u00edklad rasov\u00e9 rozdiely, v\u00fd\u0161ku, v\u00e1hu, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, \u0161ikovnos\u0165, vzh\u013ead ako tak\u00fd a mnoh\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie odli\u0161nosti.<\/strong> Inokedy to m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aj preto, \u017ee sa agresori nudia a\u00a0nedostatok pozornosti, moci alebo l\u00e1sky vo svojom \u017eivote kompenzuj\u00fa t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom. Tak\u00edto \u0161tudenti sa potrebuj\u00fa c\u00edti\u0165 siln\u00ed, pri\u010dom zab\u00fadaj\u00fa by\u0165 empatick\u00ed.<\/p>\n

      Niekedy m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u0161ikanovanie prejavom spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho postavenia. Rozumejme tomu tak, \u017ee ob\u013e\u00faben\u00e9 deti si m\u00f4\u017eu dobera\u0165 menej ob\u013e\u00faben\u00fdch rovesn\u00edkov. \u010co m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 za n\u00e1sledok, \u017ee \u010fal\u0161ie deti sa tie\u017e bud\u00fa chcie\u0165 sta\u0165 ob\u013e\u00faben\u00fdmi. Teda uch\u00fdlia sa k\u00a0\u0161ikane len preto, aby up\u00fatali pozornos\u0165<\/strong> t\u00fdch popul\u00e1rnych deciek.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n \u0160ikana nie je len fenom\u00e9nom dne\u0161nej doby a \u0161k\u00f4l. Mnoh\u00ed maj\u00fa dodnes v pam\u00e4ti z\u00e1kladn\u00fa vojensk\u00fa slu\u017ebu, s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou ktorej bola \u0161ikana takzvan\u00fdch ba\u017eantov maz\u00e1kmi v\u0161eobecne tolerovan\u00e1. Niektor\u00ed sa dodnes domnievaj\u00fa, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve vojna a \u0161ikana spravili z chlapcov mu\u017eov, hoci je pravdou, \u017ee cel\u00e9 gener\u00e1cie \u010cechoslov\u00e1kov napokon z vojen\u010diny vy\u0161li ako alkoholici a du\u0161evne pozna\u010den\u00ed jedinci neschopn\u00ed postara\u0165 o seba, nie e\u0161te o vlastn\u00e9 rodiny. Odvr\u00e1ten\u00e1 priazniv\u00e1 str\u00e1nka \u0161ikanovania je tak na\u010falej prece\u0148ovan\u00e1. FOTO JE ILUSTRA\u010cN\u00c9: 1914, World War 1. London Territorials on the march. Photographer: H. D. Girdwood\n

       <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Niektor\u00e9 druhy \u0161ikanovania sme za\u017eili na vlastnej ko\u017ei, in\u00e9 sme mali \u0161ancu vidie\u0165 v telev\u00edzii alebo si o nich pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165 v novin\u00e1ch \u010di knih\u00e1ch.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7475","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7475","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7475"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7475\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7475"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7475"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7475"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}