{"id":7492,"date":"2022-01-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-24T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/preco-je-australia-najsmrtelnejsi-kontinent\/"},"modified":"2022-01-25T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-01-24T23:00:00","slug":"preco-je-australia-najsmrtelnejsi-kontinent","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/preco-je-australia-najsmrtelnejsi-kontinent\/","title":{"rendered":"Pre\u010do je Austr\u00e1lia najsmrte\u013enej\u0161\u00ed kontinent?"},"content":{"rendered":"

E\u0161te viac ako pre svoju n\u00e1dhern\u00fa budovu opery, pieso\u010dn\u00e9 pl\u00e1\u017ee alebo farebn\u00e9 \u00fatesy si Austr\u00e1lia upevnila svoju poves\u0165 ako domov niektor\u00fdch z najsmrte\u013enej\u0161\u00edch zvierat na svete<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Odhaduje sa, \u017ee Austr\u00e1lia je hostite\u013eom 66 jedovat\u00fdch druhov<\/strong>, pri\u010dom sa rad\u00ed pod krajiny ako Braz\u00edlia (79 druhov) a Mexiko (80)<\/strong>. Ale ak sa po\u010d\u00edta mno\u017estvo jedu v t\u00fdchto tvoroch, za „najsmrte\u013enej\u0161iu krajinu“ m\u00f4\u017eeme pova\u017eova\u0165 \u00a0Austr\u00e1liu. Jej vn\u00fatrozemsk\u00e9 hady ako napr\u00edklad taipan, med\u00fazy, pav\u00faky s lievikovit\u00fdmi sie\u0165ami v Sydney a kamenn\u00e9 ryby patria medzi najjedovatej\u0161ie svojho druhu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Najlep\u0161ou ilustr\u00e1ciou austr\u00e1lskeho probl\u00e9mu so smrte\u013en\u00fdmi zvieratami m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u010de\u013ea\u010f hadov Elapidae<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Jedovat\u00e1 skupina charakterizovan\u00e1 kr\u00e1tkymi tes\u00e1kmi a agilnou povahou. Z 300 elapidn\u00fdch druhov, medzi ktor\u00e9 patr\u00ed taipan, koralov\u00fd had a mamba, 60 mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 na s\u00fa\u0161i a vo vod\u00e1ch<\/strong> Austr\u00e1lie. Niektor\u00e9 s\u00fa mal\u00e9 a plach\u00e9, zatia\u013e \u010do in\u00e9 s\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 a dotierav\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Tieto hady zab\u00edjaj\u00fa bodav\u00fdm pohybom smerom nadol, „injekciou“ neurotoxick\u00e9ho jedu, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sobuje okam\u017eit\u00fa paral\u00fdzu koristi<\/strong>. Po uhryznut\u00ed u\u017e koris\u0165 – medzi ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee u elapidov patri\u0165 hlodavce, mal\u00e9 vt\u00e1ky a dokonca aj in\u00e9 hady – nie je schopn\u00e1 unikn\u00fa\u0165.<\/p>\n

Jed uvo\u013enen\u00fd jedn\u00fdm uhryznut\u00edm taipana, sta\u010d\u00ed na zabitie 250 000 my\u0161\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Hr\u00f4zostra\u0161n\u00fd had (\u010dierny p\u00e1sov\u00fd morsk\u00fd had) smrte\u013ene u\u0161tipol britsk\u00e9ho turistu pri desivom \u00fatoku. Zdroj: express.co.uk\n

Kontinent\u00e1lny drift<\/h3>\n

D\u00f4vodom, pre\u010do s\u00fa takmer v\u0161etky austr\u00e1lske hady jedovat\u00e9<\/strong>, je to, \u017ee takmer v\u0161etky s\u00fa z \u010de\u013eade Elapidae. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa te\u00f3riu „kontinent\u00e1lneho driftu“<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee kontinenty Zeme kedysi za\u017eili ve\u013ek\u00fd pohyb smerom od seba.<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f sa pevniny oddelili, je pravdepodobn\u00e9, \u017ee popul\u00e1cia hadov v Austr\u00e1lii bola \u00faplne jedovat\u00e1<\/strong>. Hoci in\u00e9 kontinenty si po kontinent\u00e1lnom rozdelen\u00ed zachovali popul\u00e1cie jedovat\u00fdch a nejedovat\u00fdch hadov, \u010do m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok dne\u0161n\u00fa r\u00f4znorod\u00fa hadiu popul\u00e1ciu, s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 austr\u00e1lske hady zdie\u013eaj\u00fa \u010disto jedovat\u00fdch predkov \u2013 dedi\u010dstvo, ktor\u00e9 vedie k najtoxickej\u0161ej skupine hadov<\/strong> na plan\u00e9te.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Tento takmer 10-metrov\u00fd pyt\u00f3n bol n\u00e1jden\u00fd na toalete v austr\u00e1lskom Townsville. Zdroj: edition.cnn.com\n

Ak\u00fd je po\u010det obet\u00ed?<\/h3>\n

S v\u00fdvojom antiven\u00ednov na boj proti tox\u00ednom r\u00f4znych druhov s\u00fa \u00famrtia na tak\u00e9to uhryznutie alebo bodnutie e\u0161te zriedkavej\u0161ie. Zo 41 000 \u013eud\u00ed hospitalizovan\u00fdch v d\u00f4sledku jedovat\u00e9ho uhryznutia alebo bodnutia v rokoch 2000 a\u017e 2013 pri\u0161lo o \u017eivot iba 64<\/strong> obet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tieto \u010d\u00edsla s\u00fa vskutku slu\u0161n\u00e9, napr\u00edklad v porovnan\u00ed s Indiou, kde po\u010det uhryznut\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee dosiahnu\u0165 jeden mili\u00f3n ro\u010dne s viac ako 50 000 \u00famrtiami. Uhryznutie hadom je v Austr\u00e1lii ve\u013emi zriedkav\u00e9 a \u010dasto je to chyba uhryznutej osoby. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina uhryznut\u00ed sa vyskytuje, ke\u010f sa \u013eudia sna\u017eia hada zabi\u0165<\/strong> alebo sa predv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Kylie Coates, ktor\u00e1 \u017eije v austr\u00e1lskom Townsville, nakr\u00fatila najmenej \u0161tyri hady, ktor\u00e9 vtrhli do jej domu a na pr\u00e1\u010dke si pod\u013ea jej slov urobili \u201eorgiick\u00fa p\u00e1rty\u201c. Zdroj: sputniknews.com\n

Najnebezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie hady<\/h3>\n

Hoci v\u0161etky miestne druhy s\u00fa potenci\u00e1lne nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, tu je v\u00fdber 5 najnebezpe\u010dnej\u0161\u00edch hadov v Austr\u00e1lii \u2013 niektor\u00e9 z nich s\u00fa ve\u013emi jedovat\u00e9, niektor\u00e9 s\u00fa extr\u00e9mne nerv\u00f3zne, a niektor\u00e9 s najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou uvid\u00edte, ako sa plazia pri va\u0161om pr\u00edbytku.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

TOP 5<\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n V\u00fdchodn\u00fd hned\u00fd had. Zdroj: flickr.com\n

1. V\u00fdchodn\u00fd hned\u00fd had<\/h3>\n

(Pseudonaja textilis)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

R\u00fdchlo sa pohybuj\u00faci, agres\u00edvny a zn\u00e1my svojou zlou povahou<\/strong> – v\u00fdchodn\u00e9 hned\u00e9 hady spolu s in\u00fdmi hned\u00fdmi s\u00fa v Austr\u00e1lii ka\u017edoro\u010dne zodpovedn\u00e9 za viac \u00famrt\u00ed ako ktor\u00e1ko\u013evek in\u00e1 skupina hadov<\/strong>. Nielen\u017ee je ich jed pova\u017eovan\u00fd za druh\u00fd najtoxickej\u0161\u00ed zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch suchozemsk\u00fdch hadov na svete<\/strong>, ale dar\u00ed sa im v ob\u00fdvan\u00fdch oblastiach, najm\u00e4 na farm\u00e1ch a vo vidieckych oblastiach.<\/p>\n

Ak je v\u00fdchodn\u00fd hned\u00e1k vyru\u0161en\u00fd, zdvihne svoje telo zo zeme, vinie sa do tvaru \u201eS\u201c, \u00fasta m\u00e1 otvoren\u00e9 a je pripraven\u00fd za\u00fato\u010di\u0165. Jeho jed sp\u00f4sobuje paral\u00fdzu a zastavuje zr\u00e1\u017eanie krvi<\/strong>, \u010do si m\u00f4\u017ee vy\u017eadova\u0165 ve\u013ea d\u00e1vok protijedu, aby sa predi\u0161lo ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00e9mu koncu. Obete m\u00f4\u017eu skolabova\u0165 v priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch min\u00fat<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Z\u00e1padn\u00fd hned\u00fd had. Zdroj: pinterest.com\n

2. Z\u00e1padn\u00fd hned\u00fd had<\/h3>\n

(Pseudonaja mengdeni)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1padn\u00fd hned\u00fd had, o ktorom sa hovor\u00ed, \u017ee je menej agres\u00edvny ako jeho v\u00fdchodn\u00fd bratranec, je st\u00e1le ve\u013emi nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd a patr\u00ed do skupiny hadov, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa najviac \u00famrt\u00ed v Austr\u00e1lii. Maj\u00fa tendenciu sa pohybova\u0165 ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo a \u010dasto s\u00fa nerv\u00f3zne.<\/p>\n

Hoci ich jed nie je tak\u00fd toxick\u00fd ako jed hned\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodn\u00e9ho, dod\u00e1vaj\u00fa trikr\u00e1t to\u013eko objemu. Uhryznutie je zvy\u010dajne bezbolestn\u00e9 a \u0165a\u017eko vidite\u013en\u00e9<\/strong> kv\u00f4li mal\u00fdm stop\u00e1m po tes\u00e1koch. Obete poci\u0165uj\u00fa boles\u0165 hlavy, nevo\u013enos\u0165, bolesti brucha, \u0165a\u017ek\u00fa koagulopatiu (porucha zr\u00e1\u017eania krvi) a niekedy po\u0161kodenie obli\u010diek<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Pakobra tigria alebo tigrovan\u00ed had. Zdroj: flickr.com\n

3. Tigrovan\u00fd had<\/h3>\n

(Notechis scutatus)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tigr\u00ed hadi s\u00fa zodpovedn\u00ed za druh\u00fd najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det uhryznut\u00ed v Austr\u00e1lii, preto\u017ee sa vyskytuj\u00fa vo ve\u013emi ob\u00fdvan\u00fdch oblastiach<\/strong> pozd\u013a\u017e v\u00fdchodn\u00e9ho pobre\u017eia vr\u00e1tane niektor\u00fdch metropolitn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed Melbourne. Pri\u0165ahuj\u00fa ich farmy a vonkaj\u0161ie predmestsk\u00e9 domy, kde v noci lovia my\u0161i a ni\u010d netu\u0161iace obete ich m\u00f4\u017eu v tme \u013eahko po\u0161liapa\u0165.<\/p>\n

Ak sa uhryznutie nelie\u010di, je smrte\u013en\u00e9 a sp\u00f4sobuje boles\u0165 n\u00f4h a krku, mrav\u010denie, necitlivos\u0165 a potenie, po ktor\u00fdch nasleduj\u00fa d\u00fdchacie \u0165a\u017ekosti a paral\u00fdza. Jed tie\u017e po\u0161kodzuje krv a svaly, \u010do vedie k zlyhaniu obli\u010diek<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Vn\u00fatrozemsk\u00fd taipan. Zdroj: flickr.com\n

4. Vn\u00fatrozemsk\u00fd taipan<\/h3>\n

(Oxyuranus microlepidotus)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vz\u00e1cny taipan z vn\u00fatrozemia sa skr\u00fdva vo svojom od\u013eahlom skalnatom prostred\u00ed. Jeho jed je vysoko toxick\u00fd a je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za najsilnej\u0161\u00ed zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch suchozemsk\u00fdch hadov na svete – m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l zabi\u0165 dospel\u00e9ho \u010dloveka do 45 min\u00fat<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Vn\u00fatrozemsk\u00fd taipan, ktor\u00fd lov\u00ed v stiesnenom priestore n\u00f4r dlhosrst\u00e9ho potkana, pou\u017e\u00edva svoj siln\u00fd jed na r\u00fdchle usmrtenie koristi a vstrekuje viac ako 40 000-n\u00e1sobok mno\u017estva potrebn\u00e9ho na zabitie 200 g potkana.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Pobre\u017en\u00fd taipan. Zdroj: flickriver.com\n

5. Pobre\u017en\u00fd taipan<\/h3>\n

(Oxyuranus scutellatus)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pobre\u017en\u00e9 taipany s\u00fa vybaven\u00e9 najdlh\u0161\u00edmi tes\u00e1kmi zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch austr\u00e1lskych hadov (13 mm) a maj\u00fa tret\u00ed najtoxickej\u0161\u00ed jed<\/strong> spomedzi v\u0161etk\u00fdch suchozemsk\u00fdch hadov.<\/p>\n

S\u00fa extr\u00e9mne nerv\u00f3zni a ostra\u017eit\u00ed, a ke\u010f s\u00fa prekvapen\u00ed alebo zahnan\u00ed do k\u00fata, z\u00farivo sa br\u00e1nia. \u201eZamrzn\u00fa\u201c a vrhn\u00fa svoje \u013eahk\u00e9 telo dopredu, aby sp\u00f4sobili nieko\u013eko bleskovo r\u00fdchlych uhryznut\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pred zaveden\u00edm \u0161pecializovan\u00e9ho protijedu v roku 1956 bolo uhryznutie taipanom takmer v\u017edy smrte\u013en\u00e9 a sp\u00f4sobilo ve\u013ea \u013eudsk\u00fdch \u00famrt\u00ed<\/strong>. Jed p\u00f4sob\u00ed na nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m a krv a medzi n\u00e1sledky patr\u00ed nevo\u013enos\u0165, k\u0155\u010de, vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 krv\u00e1canie, de\u0161trukcia svalov a po\u0161kodenie obli\u010diek. V z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch m\u00f4\u017ee smr\u0165 nasta\u0165 u\u017e za 30 min\u00fat<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Ve\u013ek\u00fd biely \u017eralok. Zdroj: thejakartapost.com\n

A \u010do ostatn\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1?<\/h3>\n

Samozrejme, nie s\u00fa to len jedovat\u00e9 druhy, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 smrte\u013en\u00e9. \u017draloky nemaj\u00fa jed, rovnako ako kazu\u00e1ri, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa pova\u017eovan\u00ed za sn\u00e1\u010f najnebezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie vt\u00e1ky<\/strong> na svete. Hoci obe zvierat\u00e1 s\u00fa v Austr\u00e1lii alebo jej okolit\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch be\u017en\u00e9 a pova\u017euj\u00fa sa za ohrozuj\u00face, agresia vo\u010di \u013eu\u010fom je u nich st\u00e1le pomerne zriedkav\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\u00datoky \u017eralokov si historicky v priemere vy\u017eiadali menej ako jednu obe\u0165 ro\u010dne, pri\u010dom nefat\u00e1lne \u00fatoky sa v rokoch 2011 a\u017e 2020 pohybovali v rozmedz\u00ed od 8 do 19<\/strong> ro\u010dne.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1jdete tu aj pav\u00faka z rodu Atrax v Sydney, ktor\u00e9ho uhryznutie uvo\u013e\u0148uje neurotox\u00edn, ktor\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee zabi\u0165 die\u0165a len za 15 min\u00fat!<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pre\u010do pr\u00e1ve Austr\u00e1lia a ktor\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1 s\u00fa tam najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou hrozbou? Do\u010d\u00edtate sa aj o 5 najjedovatej\u0161\u00edch hadoch a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zabijakoch.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7492","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7492","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7492"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7492\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7492"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7492"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7492"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}