{"id":7501,"date":"2022-01-29T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-28T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/xenoboty-prvymi-samoklonujucimi-robotmi\/"},"modified":"2022-01-29T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-01-28T23:00:00","slug":"xenoboty-prvymi-samoklonujucimi-robotmi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/xenoboty-prvymi-samoklonujucimi-robotmi\/","title":{"rendered":"Xenoboty sa stali prv\u00fdmi \u201esamo-klonuj\u00facimi\u201c robotmi"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>\u017daby ako darcovia buniek<\/h3>\n<p>Roboty vytvoren\u00e9 z\u00a0kme\u0148ov\u00fdch buniek \u017eaby africkej vedci prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t <strong>predstavili <\/strong>v\u00a0roku 2020. Presnej\u0161ie pomenovanie \u2013 xenobot \u2013 z\u00edskali pr\u00e1ve kv\u00f4li latinsk\u00e9mu n\u00e1zvu oboj\u017eiveln\u00edkov (<strong>xenopus laevis<\/strong>). Vznikla tak hybridn\u00e1 forma \u017eivota,<strong> ani stroj, ani organizmus.<\/strong> Z\u00e1klad na ich vytvorenie predstavovalo srdce \u017eiab a po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd algoritmus, prostredn\u00edctvom ktor\u00e9ho sa chirurgicky vytvarovali bunky o nie\u010do v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie ne\u017e zrnko piesku. jej bunky slu\u017eili na planovany experimern<\/p>\n Od ostatn\u00fdch druhov sa odli\u0161uje paz\u00farmi. \u017daba africk\u00e1 posl\u00fa\u017eila ako zdroj buniek, v\u010faka ktor\u00fdm bol experiment mo\u017en\u00fd.\n<p>Reproduk\u010dn\u00fd proces je v ich pr\u00edpade \u00faplne odli\u0161n\u00fd od ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek druhu rastl\u00edn alebo zvierat. Namiesto toho rast\u00fa prij\u00edman\u00edm vo\u013ene pl\u00e1vaj\u00facich \u017eab\u00edch buniek v Petriho miske, \u010d\u00edm vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa nieko\u013eko gener\u00e1ci\u00ed takmer identick\u00fdch organizmov. Po\u010das tejto akcie <strong>pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa<\/strong> xenoboty sl\u00e1vnu <strong>postavi\u010dku z popul\u00e1rnej videohry, Pac-Mana.<\/strong> Pohybuj\u00fa sa v divok\u00fdch \u0161pir\u00e1lach, ich otvoren\u00e9 \u201e\u00fasta\u201c nah\u00e1\u0148aj\u00fa vo\u013ene pl\u00e1vaj\u00face ko\u017en\u00e9 bunky. Bunky maj\u00fa tendenciu lepi\u0165 sa k sebe, preto je v\u00fdsledkom miska pln\u00e1 xenobotov.<\/p>\n<p>Hoci je t\u00e1to samo-replik\u00e1cia pomerne delik\u00e1tny proces, zatia\u013e mo\u017en\u00fd len v starostlivo kontrolovanej laborat\u00f3rnej miske, v\u00fdskumn\u00edci d\u00fafaj\u00fa, \u017ee pon\u00faka <strong>nov\u00fd pr\u00eds\u013eub pre roboty skon\u0161truovan\u00e9 z\u00a0biologick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Technol\u00f3gia plus \u017eiv\u00fd organizmus<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u201eSchopnos\u0165 vytvori\u0165 si k\u00f3piu seba sam\u00e9ho je najlep\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom ako sa uisti\u0165, \u017ee budete pokra\u010dova\u0165 v tom \u010do rob\u00edte,\u201c <\/strong>povedal <strong>Sam Kriegman,<\/strong> po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd vedec a postdoktorand z\u00a0<strong>Wyssovho in\u0161tit\u00fatu <\/strong>na Univerzite v Harvarde. V\u00fdskumn\u00fd \u00fastav svoju pr\u00e1cu cieli na<strong> v\u00fdvoj biologick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a pr\u00edstrojov, ktor\u00e9 by sa dok\u00e1zali vyu\u017ei\u0165 nielen v medic\u00edne, ale aj v be\u017enom \u017eivote.<\/strong> V r\u00e1mci premeny technologick\u00fdch objavov do komer\u010dn\u00fdch produktov spolupracuje s mnoh\u00fdmi univerzitami a laborat\u00f3riami.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Xenobots: Building the First-Ever Self-Replicating Living Robots\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aBYtBXaxsOw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Kriegman a jeho kolegovia, vr\u00e1tane po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho vedca<strong> Joshuu Bongarda<\/strong> z <strong>Vermontskej univerzity<\/strong> pracovali na v\u00fdvine xenobotov u\u017e roky. Milimetrov\u00e9 kme\u0148ov\u00e9 bunky pri vz\u00e1jomnom kontakte prirodzene vytvoria sf\u00e9rick\u00e9 gu\u013e\u00f4\u010dky pokryt\u00e9 drobn\u00fdmi riasami alebo vlasov\u00fdmi \u0161trukt\u00farami, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu poh\u00e1\u0148a\u0165 gu\u013e\u00f4\u010dky okolo.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee doch\u00e1dza k sp\u00e1janiu \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov so softv\u00e9rov\u00fdmi pr\u00edkazmi, programovanie botov nie je tak\u00e9 jednoduch\u00e9 ako zad\u00e1vanie pr\u00edkazov do k\u00f3du. V kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku<strong> kontrola nad xenobotmi spo\u010d\u00edva v ovl\u00e1dan\u00ed ich tvarov.<\/strong> Pr\u00e1ve tu vstupuje do hry umel\u00e1 inteligencia. Intu\u00edciou sa nedok\u00e1\u017ee presne odhadn\u00fa\u0165 \u010do sa stane, ke\u010f sa zmen\u00ed tvar bunky. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 simul\u00e1cie v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017eu prech\u00e1dza\u0165 miliardami tvarov a ve\u013ekost\u00ed v priebehu dn\u00ed alebo t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci dokonca vedia v\u010faka algoritmu meni\u0165 prostredie okolo simulovan\u00fdch xenobotov.<\/p>\n<h3>Dok\u00e1\u017eu n\u00e1m niekedy pom\u00f4c\u0165?<\/h3>\n<p>Po tom, \u010do po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 simul\u00e1cie nazna\u010dili, \u017ee <strong>tvar Pac-Mana by mohol by\u0165 efekt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed,<\/strong> v\u00fdskumn\u00edci testovali tieto xenoboty v \u201epolievke\u201c kme\u0148ov\u00fdch buniek. Zistili, \u017ee priemer potomkov xenobotov Pac-Man bol <strong>o 149 % v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed ako potomkov gu\u013eovit\u00fdch modelov.<\/strong> V\u010faka vylep\u0161eniam ve\u013ekosti si hybridn\u00e9 bunky vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa svoje vlastn\u00e9 potomstvo. Namiesto iba jednej gener\u00e1cie replik\u00e1cie xenobotov vedci zistili, \u017ee boli schopn\u00e9 dosiahnu\u0165 tri alebo \u0161tyri.<\/p>\n<p>Vytvoren\u00fd syst\u00e9m je st\u00e1le dos\u0165 krehk\u00fd a\u00a0n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd proces si vy\u017eaduje ve\u013ea \u010dasu a\u00a0energie. Obavy, \u017ee by sa xenoboty dostali z\u00a0misky von a\u00a0<strong>ovl\u00e1dli svet v\u0161ak nie s\u00fa na mieste.<\/strong> <strong>\u201eSta\u010d\u00ed, nech k\u00fdchnut\u00edm kontaminuj\u00fa misku a experiment sa za kr\u00e1tky \u010das zni\u010d\u00ed,\u201c <\/strong>poznamenal Kriegman. To tie\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee xenoboty nie s\u00fa celkom pripraven\u00e9 sta\u0165 sa pracovn\u00fdmi robotmi. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci st\u00e1le pracuj\u00fa na testovan\u00ed r\u00f4znych tvarov pre r\u00f4zne \u00falohy.<\/p>\n S vyu\u017eit\u00edm umelej inteligencie by sme mohli pred\u013a\u017ei\u0165 \u017eivotnos\u0165 na\u0161ej plan\u00e9ty. zdroj: pexels.com\n<p>Ak si odmysl\u00edme samotn\u00e9 naprogramovan\u00e9 bunky, pokus okrem objavu priniesol aj nov\u00fd poh\u013ead na vedu, ktor\u00fd by sa mohol okam\u017eite za\u010dleni\u0165 do robotiky. Umel\u00e1 inteligencia sa m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017ei\u0165 na navrhovanie robotov tak, aby sa dok\u00e1zali replikova\u0165. \u00daspe\u0161nos\u0165 v\u00fdsledku zna\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee<strong> vytv\u00e1ranie umelej inteligencie pomocou biologick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov dok\u00e1\u017ee napredova\u0165 k lep\u0161iemu.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Vyu\u017eitie xenobotov by sa mohlo uplatni\u0165 napr\u00edklad <strong>pri zbieran\u00ed plastov a\u00a0toxick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok v\u00a0oce\u00e1ne.<\/strong> Takisto by dok\u00e1zali <strong>vy\u010disti\u0165 upchat\u00e9 tepny v\u00a0\u013eudskom tele<\/strong> or <strong>identifikova\u0165 r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvne molekuly v\u00a0prostred\u00ed nepr\u00edstupnom pre \u010dloveka.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Zdroje: www.livescience.com, www.presstories.com<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Zdroj titulnej fotografie: pinterest.com<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u017daby ako darcovia buniek Roboty vytvoren\u00e9 z\u00a0kme\u0148ov\u00fdch buniek \u017eaby africkej vedci prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t predstavili v\u00a0roku 2020. Presnej\u0161ie pomenovanie \u2013 xenobot \u2013 z\u00edskali pr\u00e1ve kv\u00f4li latinsk\u00e9mu n\u00e1zvu<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7501","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7501"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7501\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7501"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7501"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7501"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}