{"id":7513,"date":"2022-01-31T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-30T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/viete-ktore-monoteisticke-nabozenstvo-bolo-prve\/"},"modified":"2022-01-31T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-01-30T23:00:00","slug":"viete-ktore-monoteisticke-nabozenstvo-bolo-prve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/viete-ktore-monoteisticke-nabozenstvo-bolo-prve\/","title":{"rendered":"Viete, ktor\u00e9 monoteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo bolo skuto\u010dne prv\u00e9?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Zoroastrizmus je <strong>starovek\u00e9 perzsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 mohlo vznikn\u00fa\u0165 u\u017e pred 4000 rokmi. Pravdepodobne<strong> prv\u00e1 monoteistick\u00e1 viera na svete, je jedno z najstar\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev, ktor\u00e9 st\u00e1le existuj\u00fa<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Zoroastrizmus bolo \u0161t\u00e1tne n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo troch perzsk\u00fdch dynasti\u00ed a\u017e do dobytia Perzie moslimami v siedmom storo\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161ho letopo\u010dtu. Zoroastrijsk\u00ed ute\u010denci, naz\u00fdvan\u00ed Parsis, unikli moslimsk\u00e9mu prenasledovaniu v Ir\u00e1ne emigr\u00e1ciou do Indie. Zoroastrizmus m\u00e1 v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti odhadom <strong>100 000 a\u017e 200 000 veriacich<\/strong> po celom svete a <strong>dnes sa praktizuje ako men\u0161inov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo v \u010dastiach Ir\u00e1nu a Indie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Zoroaster<\/h3>\n<p>Prorok Zoroaster (zarathustra v starej perz\u0161tine) je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za zakladate\u013ea zoroastrizmu, ktor\u00fd je pravdepodobne najstar\u0161ou monoteistickou vierou na svete.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z toho, \u010do je zn\u00e1me o Zoroasterovi, poch\u00e1dza z <strong>Avesty \u2013 zbierky zoroastri\u00e1nskych n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch spisov<\/strong>. Nie je jasn\u00e9, kedy presne Zoroaster \u017eil.<\/p>\n<p>Niektor\u00ed vedci sa domnievaj\u00fa, \u017ee bol <strong>s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00edkom K\u00fdra Ve\u013ek\u00e9ho, kr\u00e1\u013ea Perzskej r\u00ed\u0161e v \u0161iestom storo\u010d\u00ed pred Kristom<\/strong>, hoci v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina lingvistick\u00fdch a archeologick\u00fdch d\u00f4kazov poukazuje na skor\u0161\u00ed d\u00e1tum \u2013 niekedy medzi 1500 a 1200 pred Kristom.<\/p>\n<p>Predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee Zoroaster sa narodil na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00e9ho severov\u00fdchodn\u00e9ho Ir\u00e1nu alebo juhoz\u00e1padn\u00e9ho Afganistanu. \u017dil v kmeni, ktor\u00fd vyzn\u00e1val starovek\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo s mnoh\u00fdmi bohmi, \u00a0pravdepodobne podobn\u00e9 ran\u00fdm form\u00e1m hinduizmu.<\/p>\n<p>Pod\u013ea zoroastrijskej trad\u00edcie<strong> mal Zoroaster bo\u017esk\u00fa v\u00edziu najvy\u0161\u0161ej bytosti, ke\u010f sa vo veku 30 rokov z\u00fa\u010dastnil na pohanskom o\u010distnom ritu\u00e1le<\/strong>. Zoroaster za\u010dal u\u010di\u0165 nasledovn\u00edkov uctieva\u0165 jedin\u00e9ho boha zvan\u00e9ho Ahura Mazda.<\/p>\n<p>V<strong> 90. rokoch objavili rusk\u00ed archeol\u00f3govia v Gonur Tepe<\/strong>, n\u00e1lezisku z doby bronzovej v Turkm\u00e9nsku, pozostatky toho, \u010do pova\u017eovali za ran\u00fd zoroastrijsk\u00fd chr\u00e1m. Chr\u00e1m poch\u00e1dza z druh\u00e9ho tis\u00edcro\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom, \u010do z neho rob\u00ed najstar\u0161ie zn\u00e1me miesto spojen\u00e9 so zoroastrizmom.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Cyrus Ve\u013ek\u00fd. Zdroj: totallyhistory.com\n<h3>Perzsk\u00e1 r\u00ed\u0161a<\/h3>\n<p>Zoroastrizmus formoval jednu z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch r\u00ed\u0161 starovek\u00e9ho sveta \u2013 mocn\u00fa Perzsk\u00fa r\u00ed\u0161u. Bolo to <strong>\u0161t\u00e1tne n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo troch ve\u013ek\u00fdch perzsk\u00fdch dynasti\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fdros Ve\u013ek\u00fd, zakladate\u013e Achajmenovskej perzskej r\u00ed\u0161e, bol oddan\u00fdm zoroastrijcom. Pod\u013ea v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny spr\u00e1v to bol <strong>tolerantn\u00fd vl\u00e1dca, ktor\u00fd dovolil svojim neir\u00e1nskym poddan\u00fdm vyzn\u00e1va\u0165 svoje vlastn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Viera zoroastrizmu sa \u0161\u00edrila po \u00c1zii cez Hodv\u00e1bnu cestu, z \u010c\u00edny na Bl\u00edzky v\u00fdchod a\u017e do Eur\u00f3py.<\/p>\n<p>Niektor\u00ed vedci tvrdia, \u017ee <strong>princ\u00edpy zoroastrizmu pomohli formova\u0165 hlavn\u00e9 abrah\u00e1movsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 \u2013 vr\u00e1tane judaizmu, kres\u0165anstva a islamu \u2013 prostredn\u00edctvom vplyvu Perzskej r\u00ed\u0161e<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Zoroastrianske koncepty, vr\u00e1tane my\u0161lienky jedin\u00e9ho boha, neba, pekla a s\u00fadneho d\u0148a, mohli by\u0165 prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t predstaven\u00e9 \u017eidovskej komunite v Babyl\u00f3nii, kde \u013eudia z Judsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva \u017eili v zajat\u00ed po cel\u00e9 desa\u0165ro\u010dia.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Moslimsk\u00e9 dobytie<\/h3>\n<p>Moslimsk\u00e9 dobytie Perzie v rokoch 633 a\u017e 651 n. l. viedlo k p\u00e1du sas\u00e1novskej perzskej r\u00ed\u0161e a \u00fapadku zoroastri\u00e1nskeho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva v Ir\u00e1ne.\u00a0<strong>Postupom \u010dasu v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina ir\u00e1nskych zoroastrijcov konvertovala na islam<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>N\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo Parsi<\/h3>\n<p>Parsi s\u00fa nasledovn\u00edci zoroastrizmu v Indii. Pod\u013ea trad\u00edcie Parsi, skupina ir\u00e1nskych zoroastrijcov emigrovala z Perzie, aby unikla n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu prenasledovaniu moslimskou v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou po arabskom dobyt\u00ed.\u00a0Odborn\u00edci predpokladaj\u00fa, \u017ee <strong>skupina sa plavila cez Arabsk\u00e9 more a prist\u00e1la v Gud\u017ear\u00e1te<\/strong>, \u0161t\u00e1te v z\u00e1padnej Indii, niekedy medzi rokmi 785 a 936 n.l.<\/p>\n<p>Parsiovia s\u00fa etnickou men\u0161inou v Indii a Pakistane. Dnes je v Indii asi 60 000 Parsiov a 1 400 v Pakistane.<\/p>\n Faravahar. Zdroj: worldhistory.org\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Zoroastrianske symboly<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Faravahar je starovek\u00fd symbol<\/strong> zoroastri\u00e1nskej viery. Zobrazuje f\u00fazat\u00e9ho mu\u017ea s jednou rukou natiahnutou dopredu &#8211; stoj\u00ed nad p\u00e1rom kr\u00eddel, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vystret\u00e9 z kruhu, ktor\u00fd predstavuje ve\u010dnos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ohe\u0148 je \u010fal\u0161\u00edm d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm symbolom<\/strong> zoroastrizmu, preto\u017ee predstavuje svetlo, teplo a m\u00e1 o\u010dis\u0165uj\u00face schopnosti.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Zoroastrianske presved\u010denia<\/h3>\n<p>Ohe\u0148 \u2013 spolu s vodou \u2013 s\u00fa v zoroastrijskom n\u00e1bo\u017eenstve vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako symboly \u010distoty.<\/p>\n<p>Zoroastrianske<strong> miesta uctievania sa niekedy naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa aj chr\u00e1my oh\u0148a<\/strong>. Ka\u017ed\u00fd chr\u00e1m oh\u0148a<strong> obsahuje olt\u00e1r s ve\u010dn\u00fdm plame\u0148om<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd neust\u00e1le hor\u00ed a nikdy nezhasne.<\/p>\n<p>Pod\u013ea legendy mali<strong> tri starovek\u00e9 chr\u00e1my zoroastrijsk\u00e9ho oh\u0148a na za\u010diatku vekov poch\u00e1dza\u0165 priamo od zoroastri\u00e1nskeho boha Ahura Mazdu<\/strong>. Archeol\u00f3govia tieto miesta h\u013eadali, aj ke\u010f nie je jasn\u00e9, \u010di tieto chr\u00fdmy niekedy skuto\u010dne existovali alebo boli \u010disto m\u00fdtick\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Zoroastri\u00e1ni robili svojim m\u0155tvym<strong> \u201enebesk\u00e9 pohreby\u201c<\/strong>. Postavili kruhov\u00e9 ve\u017ee s ploch\u00fdmi vrcholmi naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 dakhmy alebo ve\u017ee ticha. Tam boli <strong>m\u0155tvoly vystaven\u00e9 pr\u00edrodn\u00fdm \u017eivlom \u2013 a miestnym supom \u2013, k\u00fdm kosti neboli \u010dist\u00e9<\/strong> a vybielen\u00e9. Potom sa zbierali a ukladali do v\u00e1pencov\u00fdch j\u00e1m naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch kostnice.<\/p>\n<p>Mnoho zoroastrijcov dnes pochov\u00e1va svojich m\u0155tvych pod bet\u00f3nov\u00fdmi doskami, hoci niektor\u00ed Parsi v Indii st\u00e1le praktizuj\u00fa pochov\u00e1vanie pod oblohou.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Tak hovoril Zarathustra<\/h3>\n<p>Mnoh\u00ed Eur\u00f3pania spoznali zakladate\u013ea zoroastrizmu Zarathustru prostredn\u00edctvom<strong> rom\u00e1nu Tak hovoril Zarathustra z 19. storo\u010dia od nemeck\u00e9ho filozofa Friedricha Nietzscheho<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Nietzsche v nej sleduje proroka Zarathustru na jeho cest\u00e1ch. Niektor\u00ed nazvali dielo \u201eironick\u00fdm\u201c, ke\u010f\u017ee Nietzsche bol zaryt\u00fd ateista.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zoroastrizmus je starovek\u00e9 perzsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, ktor\u00e9 mohlo vznikn\u00fa\u0165 u\u017e pred 4000 rokmi. Pravdepodobne prv\u00e1 monoteistick\u00e1 viera na svete, je jedno z najstar\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev, ktor\u00e9 st\u00e1le<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7513","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7513","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7513"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7513\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7513"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7513"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7513"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}