{"id":7518,"date":"2022-02-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-02T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/aktualne-na-svete-su-prve-umele-svaly\/"},"modified":"2022-02-03T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-02-02T23:00:00","slug":"aktualne-na-svete-su-prve-umele-svaly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/aktualne-na-svete-su-prve-umele-svaly\/","title":{"rendered":"Aktu\u00e1lne: Na svete s\u00fa prv\u00e9 prototypy umel\u00fdch bio svalov"},"content":{"rendered":"Univerzita vo Freiburgu sa p\u00fd\u0161i vytvoren\u00edm prv\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd sa dok\u00e1\u017ee auton\u00f3mne rytmicky pohybova\u0165.\n<p>V minulosti sa vedci pok\u00fa\u0161ali pou\u017ei\u0165 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 bielkoviny ako z\u00e1klad pre v\u00fdvoj a stavbu umel\u00fdch svalov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov. Av\u0161ak doned\u00e1vna sa im nedarilo vyvin\u00fa\u0165 syntetick\u00fd materi\u00e1l vytvoren\u00fd \u010disto na biologickej b\u00e1ze, ktor\u00fd by sa samostatne pohyboval. A\u017e <strong>Dr. Stefan Schiller and Dr. Matthias Huber<\/strong> z Freiburgskej Univerzity uspeli.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Umel\u00e9 svaly (Artifical muscles)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><em>Umel\u00e9 svaly s\u00fa materi\u00e1ly alebo zariadenia, ktor\u00e9 <strong>napodob\u0148uj\u00fa prirodzen\u00e9 svaly. <\/strong>M\u00f4\u017eu meni\u0165 svoju tuhos\u0165, zmr\u0161\u0165ova\u0165 sa, rozp\u00edna\u0165 sa, alebo sa ot\u00e1\u010da\u0165 v d\u00f4sledku vonkaj\u0161ieho podnetu (napr. zmene nap\u00e4tia, pr\u00fadu, tlaku alebo teploty). V\u010faka svojej v\u0161estrannosti a v\u00fdkonu maj\u00fa umel\u00e9 svaly <strong>potenci\u00e1l by\u0165 ve\u013emi prevratnou technol\u00f3giou<\/strong>. S uplatnen\u00edm v priemysle, medic\u00edne, robotike a mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch oblastiach.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Niektor\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto nov\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed s\u00fa prezentovan\u00e9 ako inteligentn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. Poskytuj\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 ovl\u00e1dania a sn\u00edmania, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje <strong>v\u00fdvoj vysoko integrovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov<\/strong>. Spolu s pokrokom v m\u00e4kkej robotike a elektronike sa r\u00fdchlo rozv\u00edja aj aplik\u00e1cia umel\u00fdch svalov v bio-in\u0161pirovanej robotike.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Artificial Muscles Robotic Arm Full Range of Motion + Static Strength Test (V11)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/guDIwspRGJ8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Ak\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na v\u00fdrobu umel\u00fdch svalov?<\/h3>\n<p>Presn\u00fd v\u00fdber materi\u00e1lov a jemn\u00e9 ladenie ich vlastnost\u00ed predstavuje z\u00e1kladn\u00fd aspekt pri realiz\u00e1cii nov\u00fdch akt\u00edvnych syst\u00e9mov, ako s\u00fa napr\u00edklad umel\u00e9 svaly. Medzi pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly patria elastom\u00e9ry, vodiv\u00e9 polym\u00e9ry, i\u00f3novo vodiv\u00e9 polym\u00e9ry a uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 nanotrubi\u010dky.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mntl-sc-block_1-0\" class=\"comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html\">\n<p><em><strong>Polym\u00e9r<\/strong> je ve\u013ek\u00e1 molekula tvoren\u00e1 z re\u0165azcov alebo kruhov spojen\u00fdch opakuj\u00facich sa podjednotiek, ktor\u00e9 sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa monom\u00e9ry. Polym\u00e9ry m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 alebo syntetick\u00e9. Medzi <strong>pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 polym\u00e9ry<\/strong> (biopolym\u00e9ry) patr\u00ed hodv\u00e1b, guma, celul\u00f3za, vlna, kerat\u00edn, kolag\u00e9n, \u0161krob alebo DNA. <strong>Syntetick\u00e9 polym\u00e9ry<\/strong> sa pripravuj\u00fa chemick\u00fdmi reakciami v laborat\u00f3riu. Pr\u00edklady syntetick\u00fdch polym\u00e9rov zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa PVC (polyvinylchlorid), polystyr\u00e9n, syntetick\u00fd kau\u010duk, silik\u00f3n, polyetyl\u00e9n, neopr\u00e9n, alebo nylon<\/em><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Polym\u00e9rov\u00e9 umel\u00e9 svaly m\u00f4\u017eeme rozdeli\u0165 do dvoch hlavn\u00fdch skup\u00edn. V prvej skupine je zmena rozmerov svalu sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 <strong>reakciou na elektrick\u00e9 pole<\/strong>. Druh\u00e1 skupina umel\u00fdch svalov z polym\u00e9rov predstavuje triedu materi\u00e1lov, v ktor\u00fdch je na aktiv\u00e1ciu svalov potrebn\u00e1 <strong>pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 a pohyb i\u00f3nov<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Syntetick\u00fd biologick\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/h3>\n<p>Materi\u00e1l pou\u017eit\u00fd vedeck\u00fdm t\u00edmom z Freiburgu je zalo\u017een\u00fd na <strong>elast\u00edne<\/strong>, pr\u00edrodnom vl\u00e1knitom prote\u00edne, ktor\u00fd sa vyskytuje aj u \u013eud\u00ed. Tento prote\u00edn dod\u00e1va <strong>pru\u017enos\u0165 poko\u017eke a cievam<\/strong>. Pod\u013ea vzoru elast\u00ednu v\u00fdskumn\u00edci vyvinuli dva jemu podobn\u00e9 prote\u00edny. Jeden reaguje na <strong>v\u00fdkyvy pH<\/strong> a druh\u00fd na <strong>zmeny teploty<\/strong>. Nesk\u00f4r vedci spojili tieto dva prote\u00edny pomocou <strong>fotochemick\u00e9ho zosie\u0165ovania<\/strong> a vytvorili <strong>dvojvrstvov\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Samostatn\u00fd pohyb materi\u00e1lu<\/h3>\n<p>Novovytvoren\u00fd dvojradov\u00fd syntetick\u00fd materi\u00e1l z\u00edskal aj \u010fal\u0161ie prvenstvo na poli svalov\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu. Jeho kontrakcie mo\u017eno ovl\u00e1da\u0165 pomocou <strong>zmien pH a teploty<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Vedcom sa podarilo vyvola\u0165 rytmick\u00e9 kontrakcie pomocou chemick\u00e9ho zdroja energie ako paliva. V tomto pr\u00edpade pou\u017eili siri\u010ditan sodn\u00fd. <strong>Zlo\u017eit\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 reakcie<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia na poh\u00e1\u0148anie oscila\u010dn\u00e9ho pohybu svalov\u00e9ho prototypu sa spustia <strong>pri teplote pribli\u017ene 20 stup\u0148ov Celzia<\/strong>. Okrem kontroly za\u010datia a zastavenia rytmick\u00fdch pohybov je mo\u017en\u00e9 naprogramova\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9 stavy, ktor\u00e9 materi\u00e1l m\u00f4\u017ee nadobudn\u00fa\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201eV bud\u00facnosti by sa materi\u00e1l mohol \u010falej vyv\u00edja\u0165 tak, aby reagoval na in\u00e9 podnety, napr\u00edklad na koncentr\u00e1ciu soli v prostred\u00ed, a aby spotreb\u00faval in\u00e9 zdroje energie.\u201c<\/em> Dr. Schiller<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">A research team <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/UniFreiburg?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">@UniFreiburg<\/a> has developed the first material made of natural <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Proteins?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">#Proteins<\/a> that contracts autonomously \ud83d\udc49 <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/zjzKI3DiE3\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/t.co\/zjzKI3DiE3<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Chemics?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">#Chemics<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/ArtificialMuscles?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">#ArtificialMuscles<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/SoftRobotics?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">#SoftRobotics<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Research in Germany &#8211; Initiative of the BMFTR (@ResearchGermany) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ResearchGermany\/status\/1488224318429536256?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">January 31, 2022<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h3>Umel\u00e9 svaly a ich vyu\u017eitie<\/h3>\n<p>Vyroben\u00e9 svaly m\u00f4\u017eu v bud\u00facnosti nahradi\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu elektromotorov\u00fdch aktu\u00e1torov. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edpadom je ich pou\u017eitie v robotick\u00fdch ramen\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>Samozrejme, najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161ie vyu\u017eitie umel\u00fdch svalov je v <strong>protetike<\/strong>. Vedci vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa <strong>umel\u00e9 svalov\u00e9 prot\u00e9zy<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 sa roz\u0165ahuj\u00fa a zmr\u0161\u0165uj\u00fa ako skuto\u010dn\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 svaly, ale funguj\u00fa lep\u0161ie. V\u00fdskum a v\u00fdvoj ide neust\u00e1le dopredu, a preto sa mnoh\u00e9 z nich mo\u017eno stan\u00fa <strong>s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou transplantovan\u00fdch org\u00e1nov<\/strong>. Ak sa podar\u00ed navrhn\u00fa\u0165 umel\u00e9 svaly, ktor\u00e9 by napodob\u0148ovali srdcov\u00e9 chlopne, mohli by sa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 na opravu po\u0161koden\u00e9ho srdca namiesto \u010dakania na transplant\u00e1ciu vhodn\u00e9ho org\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00fdskumn\u00fd t\u00edm z Freiburgskej univerzity vyvinul svalov\u00fd materi\u00e1l z pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch prote\u00ednov, ktor\u00fd sa dok\u00e1\u017ee auton\u00f3mne zmr\u0161\u0165ova\u0165.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7518","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7518","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7518"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7518\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7518"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7518"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7518"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}