Prv\u00fd \u010dlovek, ktor\u00e9mu vznikol v hlave n\u00e1pad o p\u00edsan\u00ed, pravdepodobne hne\u010f prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eal, ako t\u00fato nov\u00fa zru\u010dnos\u0165 spr\u00edjemni\u0165 oku. \u013dudia predsa miluj\u00fa kr\u00e1sne, esteticky pr\u00edjemn\u00e9 veci. Samozrejme, aj toto vtedy nov\u00e9 umenie p\u00fataj\u00face oko, by malo by\u0165 rovnako kr\u00e1sne, mil\u00e9 a \u010do najl\u00e1kavej\u0161ie pre o\u010di. Toto bol za\u010diatok kaligrafie: umenia urobi\u0165 svoj rukopis \u010do najestetickej\u0161\u00ed a najkraj\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Hovor\u00ed sa, \u017ee kaligrafia mohla vznikn\u00fa\u0165 v\u00a0 \u010c\u00edne, v 3. storo\u010d\u00ed pred Kristom.<\/strong> Po\u010das tejto \u00e9ry dynastia Shang po\u017eiadala o vyrytie kr\u00e1snych sloganov alebo \u00faryvkov b\u00e1sn\u00ed do zvierac\u00edch kost\u00ed a pancierov korytna\u010diek na dekorat\u00edvne \u00fa\u010dely<\/strong>. Dnes pre n\u00e1s nepredstavite\u013en\u00fd jav, vtedy be\u017en\u00e1 praktika. Ke\u010f\u017ee pl\u00e1tno, ktor\u00e9 sa malo pou\u017ei\u0165, bolo tak\u00e9 mal\u00e9, znaky museli by\u0165 nap\u00edsan\u00e9 mierne \u0161ikmo. Inak by sa v\u0161etky nezmestili do tak\u00e9ho \u00fazkeho priestoru, \u010do mohlo by\u0165 p\u00f4vodom vzniku kurz\u00edvy.\u00a0<\/strong> T\u00e1 sa za\u010dala \u010dastej\u0161ie v mainstreamovej\u0161om sp\u00f4sobe pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v 7. storo\u010d\u00ed po Kristovi aj v \u010c\u00edne, kde budhistick\u00ed mn\u00edsi za\u010dali kop\u00edrova\u0165 rukopisy.<\/p>\n Rok 1738 – ob\u013e\u00faben\u00e9 boli nielen ozdoby p\u00edsmen, ale cel\u00e9ho aj vo\u013en\u00e9ho priestoru na papieru. Dok\u00e1zali by ste dnes z takejto knihy \u010d\u00edta\u0165? Zdroj: pinterest.com\n V tom istom \u010dase sa v\u0161ak t\u00e1to forma umenia u\u017e za\u010dala \u0161\u00edri\u0165 po celom svete: Zmocnili sa jej Rimania a za\u010dali p\u00edsa\u0165 n\u00e1dhern\u00e9 p\u00edsmo do mramorov\u00fdch dosiek –\u00a0 \u010di u\u017e v soch\u00e1ch, n\u00e1pisoch alebo len pre tvorenie b\u00e1sn\u00ed do dosiek z mramoru.<\/strong> Kaligrafia sa stala znakom vzne\u0161enosti. Jedin\u00ed \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed mohli vlastni\u0165 knihy, boli kr\u00e1li a \u010dlenovia kr\u00e1\u013eovskej rodiny.<\/strong> T\u00ed nariadili mn\u00edchom, aby p\u00edsali \u010doraz elegantnej\u0161\u00edm a komplikovanej\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom, aby uk\u00e1zali svoju silu a luxus.\u00a0 Vysoko geometrick\u00e9, rovn\u00e9, form\u00e1lne p\u00edsmo, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali, je skuto\u010dne reprezentat\u00edvne pre starovek\u00e9 umenie. Dnes ho ale \u010dasto nevn\u00edmame ako dve samostatn\u00e9 umeleck\u00e9 formy: kaligrafiu v tomto pr\u00edpade pova\u017eujeme za s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 sochy \u010di mozaiky.<\/p>\n Leggenda di Natale. Zdroj: pinterest.com\n Na Strednom v\u00fdchode a vo v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii je kaligrafia pod\u013ea dlhej a n\u00e1ro\u010dnej trad\u00edcie pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za hlavn\u00e9 umenie, ktor\u00e9 sa rovn\u00e1 soch\u00e1rstvu alebo ma\u013ebe.<\/strong><\/span><\/span> V z\u00e1padnej kult\u00fare<\/strong> zasa jednoduch\u0161ie gr\u00e9cke a latinsk\u00e9 abecedy \u010di \u0161\u00edrenie gramotnosti malo tendenciu urobi\u0165 z rukopisu umenie, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee praktizova\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00fd.<\/strong><\/span><\/span> Po zaveden\u00ed tla\u010de v Eur\u00f3pe v polovici 15. storo\u010dia v\u0161ak vznikol jasn\u00fd rozdiel medzi rukopisom a prepracovanej\u0161\u00edmi formami p\u00edsma.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Guttenberg vyna\u0161iel prv\u00fa tla\u010diare\u0148<\/strong> s pohybliv\u00fdmi typmi p\u00edsma a umo\u017eni\u0165 aj chudobnej\u0161iemu \u013eudu \u010d\u00edta\u0165. Nepou\u017e\u00edval \u00faplne jednoduch\u00e9 p\u00edsmo, ale typ, ktor\u00fd sa pribli\u017euje dne\u0161n\u00e9mu p\u00e4tkov\u00e9mu: s mal\u00fdmi ozdobami v p\u00edsmen\u00e1ch. Pre zl\u00fa \u010ditate\u013enos\u0165 tohto typu p\u00edsma pis\u00e1ri za\u010dali vym\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 \u0161t\u00fdly p\u00edsmen na r\u00f4zne \u00fa\u010dely: \u0161etrenie pe\u0148az\u00ed, zlep\u0161enie \u010ditate\u013enosti alebo aby sa na stranu zmestilo viac slov. Kaligrafia sa teda na\u010falej vyv\u00edjala do toho, \u010do pozn\u00e1me dnes: stovky r\u00f4znych p\u00edsiem, ve\u013ea r\u00f4znych typov p\u00edsma, nie\u010do s mno\u017estvom r\u00f4znych estetick\u00fdch prvkov, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu vyhovova\u0165 ka\u017edej va\u0161ej potrebe.<\/p>\n Piesne a sonety od Williama Shakespeara. Zdroj: Pinterest.com\n Predpokladalo sa, \u017ee proces tla\u010de ukon\u010dil trad\u00edciu rukopisov.<\/span><\/span> Pravdou je, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina honosn\u00fdch zbo\u017en\u00fdch rukopisov poch\u00e1dza z obdobia po zaveden\u00ed tla\u010de.<\/strong><\/span><\/span> Okrem toho, ur\u010dit\u00e9 typy publik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ako napr\u00edklad notov\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy, vedeck\u00e9 not\u00e1cie alebo diela pre mal\u00e9 publikum, boli aj na\u010falej p\u00edsan\u00e9 ru\u010dne a\u017e do 19. storo\u010dia.<\/span><\/span> Hoci ru\u010dn\u00e9 p\u00edsan\u00e9 knihy nemohli vych\u00e1dza\u0165 v takom n\u00e1ramnom mno\u017estve, zavedenie tla\u010de pre\u017eili.<\/span><\/span> Tla\u010d a rukopis sa za\u010dali navz\u00e1jom ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165:<\/strong> napr\u00edklad modern\u00e1 reklama na\u010falej zah\u0155\u0148ala kaligrafiu a mnoh\u00ed kaligrafi v priebehu rokov navrhovali typy p\u00edsma na tla\u010d.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n „Zrkadlo umenia p\u00edsania“ od Jana van de Velde z roku 1605 nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa v kni\u017eniciach Kolumbijskej univerzity v New Yorku. Foto: Kolumbijsk\u00e1 univerzita, New York\n V 7. storo\u010d\u00ed sa za\u010dala \u0161\u00edri\u0165 aj v islamskom svete. Ako iste vieme, Kor\u00e1n je ve\u013emi pr\u00edsny na umeleck\u00e9 zobrazenia. Kr\u00e1su p\u00edsmen preto za\u010dali miestni pova\u017eova\u0165 za vysoko umeleck\u00fa formu. Dokonca a\u017e do takej miery, \u017ee ju vn\u00edmali ako najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed druh umenia.<\/strong> Kor\u00e1n pis\u00e1ri vytv\u00e1rali \u010doraz prepracovanej\u0161ie a zdobenej\u0161ie. \u00daryvky z knihy s kr\u00e1snou, prepracovanou kaligrafiou sa nesk\u00f4r za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 aj v in\u00fdch umeleck\u00fdch form\u00e1ch: na odevoch, papieri, dla\u017ediciach, kobercoch \u010di \u0161perkoch. Ich l\u00e1ska ku kaligrafii skon\u010dila vytvoren\u00edm dvoch hlavn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fdlov: Kufic <\/strong>–\u00a0najstar\u0161\u00ed a najok\u00e1zalej\u0161\u00ed \u0161t\u00fdl a Naskh <\/strong>– men\u0161\u00ed, ozdobnej\u0161\u00ed \u0161t\u00fdl. Islamsk\u00e1 kaligrafia sa na\u010falej vyv\u00edja a nestr\u00e1ca na popularite. Dnes je v\u00a0 mnoh\u00fdch islamsk\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch vysoko uzn\u00e1vanou umeleckou formou \u201ekaligraffiti\u201c<\/strong>, \u010do je zmesou kaligrafie a graffiti.<\/p>\n Ru\u010dne p\u00edsan\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vky. Zdroj: pinterest.com\n Zdroj: Britannica.com, tmcnet.com<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Aj p\u00edsmo m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 umen\u00edm Prv\u00fd \u010dlovek, ktor\u00e9mu vznikol v hlave n\u00e1pad o p\u00edsan\u00ed, pravdepodobne hne\u010f prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eal, ako t\u00fato nov\u00fa zru\u010dnos\u0165 spr\u00edjemni\u0165 oku. \u013dudia predsa<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7692","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7692","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7692"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7692\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7692"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7692"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7692"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}V\u0161etko sa za\u010dalo v \u010c\u00edne…<\/h3>\n
\u010c\u00ednu nasledovali Rimania<\/h3>\n
A \u010do Eur\u00f3pa?<\/h3>\n
Koniec rukopisu po zaveden\u00ed kn\u00edhtla\u010de?<\/h3>\n
Islamsky svet tie\u017e objavuje \u010daro kaligrafie<\/h3>\n