{"id":7769,"date":"2022-06-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-04T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/je-historia-mumie-desiva\/"},"modified":"2022-06-05T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-06-04T23:00:00","slug":"je-historia-mumie-desiva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/je-historia-mumie-desiva\/","title":{"rendered":"Je hist\u00f3ria m\u00famie skuto\u010dne desiv\u00e1?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>M\u00famia je <strong>osoba alebo zviera, ktorej telo bolo po smrti vysu\u0161en\u00e9 alebo inak konzervovan\u00e9<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f sa povie m\u00famia, \u013eudia si \u010dasto predstavia verzie \u013eudsk\u00fdch foriem z filmov ranej hollywoodskej \u00e9ry, <strong>zabalen\u00e9 do vrstiev obv\u00e4zov, s roztiahnut\u00fdmi rukami<\/strong>, ako sa pomaly pos\u00favaj\u00fa dopredu. M\u00famie mo\u017eno doslova nevstan\u00fa zo svojich starovek\u00fdch hrobiek a neza\u00fato\u010dia, ale s\u00fa celkom skuto\u010dn\u00e9 a maj\u00fa fascinuj\u00facu hist\u00f3riu.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>\u010co s\u00fa m\u00famie?<\/h3>\n<p>Prax uchov\u00e1vania tela ako m\u00famie je roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1 po celom svete a v priebehu dlh\u00e9ho \u010dasu.<\/p>\n<p>Mnoho civiliz\u00e1ci\u00ed \u2013 <strong>Inkov, austr\u00e1lskych domorodcov, Azt\u00e9kov, Afri\u010danov, starovek\u00fdch Eur\u00f3panov<\/strong> a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch \u2013 praktizovalo nejak\u00fd druh mumifik\u00e1cie po tis\u00edce rokov, aby si uctili a zachovali tel\u00e1 m\u0155tvych.<\/p>\n<p>Mumifika\u010dn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly sa l\u00ed\u0161ili pod\u013ea kult\u00fary a predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee <strong>niektor\u00e9 kult\u00fary mumifikovali v\u0161etk\u00fdch<\/strong> svojich ob\u010danov. In\u00ed vyhradili obrad prechodu pre bohat\u00fdch alebo \u013eud\u00ed so statusom. Ke\u010f\u017ee <strong>v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed nem\u00f4\u017ee pre\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v extr\u00e9mnych teplot\u00e1ch<\/strong>, vystavenie m\u0155tvoly slnku, oh\u0148u alebo mrazu bol nekomplikovan\u00fd sp\u00f4sob, ako vytvori\u0165 m\u00famiu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Niektor\u00ed budhistick\u00ed mn\u00edsi praktizovali sebamumifik\u00e1ciu<\/strong> tak, \u017ee tr\u00e1vili roky hladovan\u00edm svojich tiel a jedli len potraviny, ktor\u00e9 podporovali rozklad. Akon\u00e1hle sa ich telesn\u00fd tuk stratil, str\u00e1vili e\u0161te nieko\u013eko rokov pit\u00edm jedovatej \u0161\u0165avy, aby vyvolali zvracanie, a zbavili sa tak telesn\u00fdch tekut\u00edn. Jed tie\u017e urobil z tela nepr\u00edjemn\u00fdch bud\u00facich hostite\u013eov pre chrob\u00e1kov, ktor\u00ed sa \u017eivia m\u0155tvolami.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f nastal spr\u00e1vny \u010das,<strong> mn\u00edchov pochovali za\u017eiva, aby \u010dakali na smr\u0165<\/strong> a mumifik\u00e1ciu. Smr\u0165 pri\u0161la r\u00fdchlo, no sebamumifik\u00e1cia fungovala len m\u00e1lokedy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Princezn\u00e1 z Ukoku m\u00e1 najlep\u0161ie zachovan\u00e9 starovek\u00e9 tetovania. Zdroj: ancient-origins.net\n<h3>Egyptsk\u00e9 m\u00famie<\/h3>\n<p>Bez oh\u013eadu na to, ako bolo telo mumifikovan\u00e9, <strong>kone\u010dn\u00fdm cie\u013eom bolo zachovanie \u010do najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho mno\u017estva ko\u017en\u00e9ho tkaniva<\/strong> \u2013 a k\u0148azi starovek\u00e9ho Egypta s\u00fa pova\u017eovan\u00ed za odborn\u00edkov na tento proces.<\/p>\n<p>Egyptsk\u00e9 such\u00e9 podnebie u\u013eah\u010dilo vysu\u0161enie a mumifik\u00e1ciu m\u0155tvoly, ale Egyp\u0165ania be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvali prepracovanej\u0161\u00ed proces, aby zabezpe\u010dili, \u017ee m\u0155tvi za\u017eili bezpe\u010dn\u00fd prechod do posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Proces mumifik\u00e1cie pre kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 rodiny a bohat\u00fdch \u010dasto zah\u0155\u0148al:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>um\u00fdvanie tela<\/li>\n<li>odstr\u00e1nenie v\u0161etk\u00fdch org\u00e1nov okrem srdca a ich ulo\u017eenie do poh\u00e1rov<\/li>\n<li>balenie tela a org\u00e1nov do soli na odstr\u00e1nenie vlhkosti<\/li>\n<li>balzamovanie tela \u017eivicami a \u00e9terick\u00fdmi olejmi, ako je myrha, kasia, borievkov\u00fd olej a c\u00e9drov\u00fd olej<\/li>\n<li>zabalenie zabalzamovanej m\u0155tvoly do nieko\u013ek\u00fdch vrstiev pl\u00e1tna<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>M\u00famie <strong>fara\u00f3nov boli umiestnen\u00e9 v zdoben\u00fdch kamenn\u00fdch rakv\u00e1ch naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch sarkof\u00e1gy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Potom boli pochovan\u00ed v <strong>prepracovan\u00fdch hrobk\u00e1ch naplnen\u00fdch v\u0161etk\u00fdm, \u010do potrebovali pre posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot<\/strong>, ako s\u00fa vozy, n\u00e1stroje, jedlo, v\u00edno, parfumy a dom\u00e1ce potreby. Niektor\u00ed fara\u00f3ni boli dokonca pochovan\u00ed s <strong>dom\u00e1cimi zvieratami a slu\u017eobn\u00edctvom<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Sarkof\u00e1g a m\u00famia z neskor\u0161ieho obdobia Ptolemaiovcov (664 \u2013 30 pred n. l.) vystaven\u00e9 v N\u00e1rodnom m\u00fazeu D\u00e1nska. Zdroj: people.howstuffworks.com\n<h3>M\u00famie ako liek<\/h3>\n<p>Lie\u010div\u00e9 pr\u00edpravky vyroben\u00e9 z pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00fdch m\u00fami\u00ed boli <strong>popul\u00e1rne medzi dvan\u00e1stym a sedemn\u00e1stym storo\u010d\u00edm<\/strong>. Po\u010das toho \u010dasu bolo nespo\u010detn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo m\u00fami\u00ed vykopan\u00fdch a sp\u00e1len\u00fdch, aby uspokojili dopyt po \u201em\u00famiovom lieku\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1ujem o m\u00famie ako liek bol <strong>zalo\u017een\u00fd na \u00fadajn\u00fdch lie\u010div\u00fdch vlastnostiach bit\u00famenu<\/strong>, typu asfaltu z M\u0155tveho mora. Predpokladalo sa, \u017ee m\u00famie s\u00fa balzamovan\u00e9 bit\u00famenom, ale to bolo len zriedka &#8211; v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina bola balzamovan\u00e1 \u017eivicami.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>M\u00famie id\u00fa do hlavn\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu<\/h3>\n<p>Azda <strong>najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ou m\u00famiou v modernej hist\u00f3rii je kr\u00e1\u013e Tutanchamon,<\/strong> be\u017ene zn\u00e1my aj ako kr\u00e1\u013e Tut.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho hrob a mumifikovan\u00e9 telo objavil v roku <strong>1922 britsk\u00fd archeol\u00f3g Howard Carter<\/strong>. Bol to vzru\u0161uj\u00faci n\u00e1lez, ktor\u00fd v\u0161ak bol zatienen\u00fd nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi nevysvetlen\u00fdmi \u00famrtiami.<\/p>\n<p>Pod\u013ea \u013eudov\u00fdch povier a pr\u00edbehov vedie naru\u0161enie hrobu m\u00famie k smrti. T\u00e1to povera v\u0161ak na Cartera nijako dramaticky nezap\u00f4sobila, ani ho nezastavila v exhum\u00e1cii Tutovej hrobky. Napriek tomu, ke\u010f <strong>nieko\u013eko \u013eud\u00ed zapojen\u00fdch do jeho exped\u00edcie zomrelo pred\u010dasne z neprirodzen\u00fdch pr\u00ed\u010din<\/strong>, tento pr\u00edbeh vyvolal senz\u00e1ciu v m\u00e9di\u00e1ch \u2013 aj ke\u010f takzvan\u00e1 kliatba u\u0161etrila Carterov \u017eivot.<\/p>\n Britsk\u00fd archeol\u00f3g Howard Carter (v\u013eavo) sk\u00fama sarkof\u00e1g kr\u00e1\u013ea Tuta v roku 1922 (zafarben\u00e1 fotografia). Zdroj: nationalgeographic.com\n<p>M\u00famie sa za\u010diatkom 20. storo\u010dia stali viac ne\u017e len n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi symbolmi starovek\u00e9ho sveta, a to v\u010fak<strong>a debutu rom\u00e1nu Brama Stokera \u00a0&#8211; Klenot siedmich hviezd<\/strong>, v ktorom boli predstaven\u00e9 ako nadprirodzen\u00ed dareb\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n<p>Ale pr\u00e1ve stv\u00e1rnenie m\u00famie od Borisa Karloffa vo filme M\u00famia, \u00a0z roku 1932 urobilo z m\u00fami\u00ed mainstreamov\u00e9 mon\u0161tr\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Neskor\u0161ie filmy ako The Mummy&#8217;s Tomb a The Mummy&#8217;s Curse zobrazovali m\u00famie ako silne obviazan\u00e9 nem\u00e9 bytosti, tak ako s\u00fa dnes zn\u00e1me. Fikt\u00edvne m\u00famie nec\u00edtia boles\u0165 a rovnako ako in\u00e9 hororov\u00e9 pr\u00ed\u0161ery, je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 ich zabi\u0165. <strong>Najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom, ako ich posla\u0165 do trval\u00e9ho z\u00e1niku, je podp\u00e1li\u0165 ich<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Napriek tomu, \u017ee s\u00fa skuto\u010dn\u00e9 \u2013 a stra\u0161ideln\u00e9 \u2013 m\u00famie nemaj\u00fa rovnak\u00fa sl\u00e1vu ako zombie, vlkolaci a up\u00edri. To sa m\u00f4\u017ee zmeni\u0165, ke\u010f Hollywood vyd\u00e1 nov\u00e9 m\u00famie filmy s mraziv\u00fdmi dejmi a znerv\u00f3z\u0148uj\u00facimi \u0161peci\u00e1lnymi efektmi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>M\u00famia je osoba alebo zviera, ktorej telo bolo po smrti vysu\u0161en\u00e9 alebo inak konzervovan\u00e9. Ke\u010f sa povie m\u00famia, \u013eudia si \u010dasto predstavia verzie \u013eudsk\u00fdch foriem<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7769","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7769","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7769"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7769\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7769"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7769"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7769"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}