{"id":7779,"date":"2022-06-29T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-28T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/indicka-filozofia\/"},"modified":"2022-06-29T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-06-28T23:00:00","slug":"indicka-filozofia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/indicka-filozofia\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010co je vlastne kamas\u00fatra, karma, a \u010do je typick\u00e9 pre indick\u00fa filozofiu?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Indick\u00e1 filozofia, syst\u00e9my myslenia a reflexie, zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa <strong>ortodoxn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/strong> &#8211; Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva-Mimamsa, a filozofick\u00e9 \u0161koly Vedanta, a <strong>neortodoxn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, ako je budhizmus a d\u017einizmus<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Indick\u00e9 myslenie sa zaober\u00e1 r\u00f4znymi filozofick\u00fdmi probl\u00e9mami, medzi ktor\u00e9 patr\u00ed <strong>povaha sveta (kozmol\u00f3gia), povaha reality (metafyzika), logika, povaha poznania (epistemol\u00f3gia), etika a filozofia n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 \u00favahy<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Vo vz\u0165ahu k z\u00e1padn\u00e9mu filozofick\u00e9mu mysleniu pon\u00faka indick\u00e1 filozofia prekvapiv\u00e9 body a zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 rozdiely.<\/p>\n<p>Rozdiely zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9 z\u00e1sadne ot\u00e1zky, ktor\u00e9 si indick\u00ed filozofi kl\u00e1dli. Filozofi v Indii a na Z\u00e1pade z\u00e1pasili s rovnak\u00fdmi probl\u00e9mami, a niekedy dokonca navrhovali podobn\u00e9 te\u00f3rie, ale <strong>indick\u00ed myslitelia presadzovali nov\u00e9 formul\u00e1cie<\/strong> a argumenty.<strong> Probl\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 indick\u00ed filozofi nastolili na zv\u00e1\u017eenie, ale ktor\u00e9 ich z\u00e1padn\u00ed kolegovia nikdy nezv\u00e1\u017eili, zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa tak\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti, ako je p\u00f4vod a ch\u00e1panie pravdy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Probl\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9<strong> indick\u00ed filozofi z v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej \u010dasti ignorovali<\/strong>, ale ktor\u00e9 pomohli formova\u0165 z\u00e1padn\u00fa filozofiu, zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa ot\u00e1zku, \u010di <strong>poznanie poch\u00e1dza zo sk\u00fasenosti, alebo z rozumu<\/strong>. Indick\u00e9 myslenie preto poskytuje historikovi z\u00e1padnej filozofie uhol poh\u013eadu, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee dop\u013a\u0148a\u0165 poh\u013ead z\u00edskan\u00fd zo z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho myslenia. \u0160t\u00fadia indick\u00e9ho myslenia teda odha\u013euje ur\u010dit\u00e9 nedostatky z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho filozofick\u00e9ho myslenia a objas\u0148uje, \u017ee niektor\u00e9 pojmy a rozdiely nemusia by\u0165 tak\u00e9 nevyhnutn\u00e9, ako by sa inak mohlo zda\u0165. Podobn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom bola pre nich v\u00fdhodn\u00e1 aj znalos\u0165 z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho myslenia, ktor\u00fa z\u00edskali indick\u00ed filozofi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00e9dy, hinduistick\u00e9 spisy poch\u00e1dzaj\u00face z 2. tis\u00edcro\u010dia pred Kristom<\/strong>, s\u00fa najstar\u0161\u00edm zachovan\u00fdm z\u00e1znamom z Indie o procese, ktor\u00fdm si \u013eudsk\u00e1 myse\u013e vytv\u00e1ra svojich bohov, a o hlbok\u00fdch psychologick\u00fdch procesoch tvorby m\u00fdtov ved\u00facich k hlbok\u00fdm kozmologick\u00fdm konceptom.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Upani\u0161ady (\u0161pekulat\u00edvne filozofick\u00e9 texty)<\/strong> obsahuj\u00fa jednu z prv\u00fdch koncepci\u00ed univerz\u00e1lnej, v\u0161adepr\u00edtomnej, duchovnej reality ved\u00facej k radik\u00e1lnemu monizmu. Obsahuj\u00fa aj ran\u00e9 \u0161pekul\u00e1cie indick\u00fdch filozofov o pr\u00edrode, \u017eivote, mysli a \u013eudskom tele, nehovoriac o etike a soci\u00e1lnej filozofii.<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>V\u0161eobecn\u00e1 charakteristika indickej filozofie<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>R\u00f4zne indick\u00e9 filozofie obsahuj\u00fa tak\u00fa rozmanitos\u0165 n\u00e1zorov, te\u00f3ri\u00ed a syst\u00e9mov, \u017ee je takmer nemo\u017en\u00e9 vy\u010dleni\u0165 charakteristiky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa spolo\u010dn\u00e9 pre v\u0161etky<\/strong> z nich. Prijatie autority V\u00e9d charakterizuje v\u0161etky ortodoxn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my \u2013 ale nie neortodoxn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, ako je Charvaka, budhizmus a d\u017einizmus.<\/p>\n<p>Navy\u0161e, aj ke\u010f filozofi vyzn\u00e1vali vernos\u0165 V\u00e9dam, ich lojalita len m\u00e1lo br\u00e1nila slobode ich \u0161pekulat\u00edvnych aktiv\u00edt. <strong>Naopak, prijatie autority V\u00e9d bolo pohodln\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, ako sa n\u00e1zory filozofa stali prijate\u013en\u00fdmi pre ortodoxn\u00fdch, aj ke\u010f myslite\u013e predstavil \u00faplne nov\u00fa my\u0161lienku<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Filozofia, ktor\u00e1 sa stala hitom v celom svete, a m\u00f4\u017eete sa o nej dozvedie\u0165 v mno\u017estve literat\u00fary. Obr\u00e1zok pojedn\u00e1va o konkr\u00e9tnej knihe. Zdroj: knihcentrum.sk\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine indick\u00fdch filozofick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov bolo prijatie ide\u00e1lu moksha, podobne ako vernos\u0165 autorite p\u00edsiem, len vzdialene spojen\u00e9 so systematick\u00fdmi doktr\u00ednami, ktor\u00e9 boli predlo\u017een\u00e9.<strong> O mnoh\u00fdch epistemologick\u00fdch, logick\u00fdch a dokonca metafyzick\u00fdch doktr\u00ednach sa diskutovalo a rozhodovalo sa o nich na \u010disto racion\u00e1lnych z\u00e1kladoch<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 priamo nes\u00faviseli s ide\u00e1lom moksha.<\/p>\n<p>Iba filozofia Vedanta a filozofia Samkhya maj\u00fa \u00fazky vz\u0165ah k ide\u00e1lu moksha. Logick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my \u2013 Nyaya, Vaisheshika a Purva-Mimamsa \u2013 spolu s\u00favisia len ve\u013emi vzdialene. Aj filozofie a in\u00e9 vedeck\u00e9 pojednania, vr\u00e1tane<strong> K\u00e1mas\u00fatry (\u201eAforizmy o l\u00e1ske\u201c) a Artha-\u0161\u00e1stry (\u201eVeda o materi\u00e1lnom zisku\u201c)<\/strong>, uzn\u00e1vali rovnak\u00fd ide\u00e1l a vyhlasovali ich \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 na jeho dosiahnutie.<\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f indick\u00ed filozofi hovoria o intuit\u00edvnom poznan\u00ed, ide im o to, aby mu uvo\u013enili miesto a pomocou logiky demon\u0161trovali jeho mo\u017enosti \u2013 a tam sa \u00faloha filozofie kon\u010d\u00ed. Indick\u00ed filozofi sa nesna\u017eia ospravedl\u0148ova\u0165 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fa vieru; samotnej filozofickej m\u00fadrosti sa prizn\u00e1va d\u00f4stojnos\u0165 n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej pravdy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tri z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pojmy tvoria z\u00e1kladn\u00fd kame\u0148 indick\u00e9ho filozofick\u00e9ho myslenia<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>ja alebo du\u0161a (\u00e1tman), pr\u00e1ca (karma) a oslobodenie (m\u00f3k\u0161a). Ak ponech\u00e1me stranou Charvaky, <strong>v\u0161etky indick\u00e9 filozofie sa zaoberaj\u00fa t\u00fdmito tromi pojmami a ich vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdmi vz\u0165ahmi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Z nich sa koncept karmy, ozna\u010duj\u00faci mor\u00e1lnu \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00fdch \u010dinov, jav\u00ed ako najtypickej\u0161\u00ed<\/strong> indick\u00fd. Pojem \u00e1tman, ktor\u00fd v z\u00e1padnom myslen\u00ed celkom ch\u00fdba, v ur\u010ditom zmysle zodpoved\u00e1 z\u00e1padn\u00e9mu konceptu transcendent\u00e1lneho alebo absol\u00fatneho duchovn\u00e9ho ja. <strong>Koncept moksha ako koncept najvy\u0161\u0161ieho ide\u00e1lu bol tie\u017e jedn\u00fdm z probl\u00e9mov z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho myslenia<\/strong>, najm\u00e4 po\u010das kres\u0165anskej \u00e9ry, hoci pravdepodobne nikdy nebol tak\u00fd d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd ako pre hinduistick\u00fa myse\u013e. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina indick\u00fdch filozofi\u00ed predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00f3k\u0161a je mo\u017en\u00e1 a \u201enemo\u017enos\u0165 m\u00f3k\u0161e\u201c (anirm\u00f3k\u0161a) sa pova\u017euje za materi\u00e1lny omyl, ktor\u00fd pravdepodobne naru\u0161\u00ed filozofick\u00fa te\u00f3riu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Od \u010dias Gr\u00e9kov sa z\u00e1padn\u00e9 myslenie zaoberalo matematikou, a v kres\u0165anskej \u00e9re aj hist\u00f3riou<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Ani matematika, ani hist\u00f3ria nikdy <strong>nenastolili pre Indov filozofick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my<\/strong>. V zoznamoch sp\u00f4sobov poznania akceptovan\u00fdch r\u00f4znymi \u0161kolami nie je \u017eiadny, ktor\u00fd by zah\u0155\u0148al matematick\u00e9 znalosti alebo historick\u00e9 znalosti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S ich \u013eahostajnos\u0165ou k matematike mo\u017eno s\u00favis\u00ed aj v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee indick\u00ed filozofi nerozvinuli form\u00e1lnu logiku<\/strong>. Te\u00f3ria sylogizmu (platn\u00fd dedukt\u00edvny argument s dvoma premisami a z\u00e1verom) je v\u0161ak rozvinut\u00e1, a v logickej te\u00f3rii sa dosiahlo ve\u013ea sofistikovanosti. Indick\u00e1 logika pon\u00faka sk\u00f4r pou\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edklad logiky poznania ne\u017e abstraktn\u00fdch v\u00fdrokov \u2013 logiky, ktor\u00e1 nie je oddelen\u00e1 a izolovan\u00e1 od psychol\u00f3gie a epistemol\u00f3gie.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indick\u00e1 filozofia, syst\u00e9my myslenia a reflexie, zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa ortodoxn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my &#8211; Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva-Mimamsa, a filozofick\u00e9 \u0161koly Vedanta, a neortodoxn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, ako je budhizmus<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7779","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7779","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7779"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7779\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7779"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7779"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7779"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}