{"id":7792,"date":"2022-07-08T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-07T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/kontroverzny-faraon-achnaton\/"},"modified":"2022-07-08T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-07-07T23:00:00","slug":"kontroverzny-faraon-achnaton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/kontroverzny-faraon-achnaton\/","title":{"rendered":"Kontroverzn\u00fd fara\u00f3n Achnaton"},"content":{"rendered":"

Achnaton, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd aj Amenhotep IV., gr\u00e9cky Amenophis, bol fara\u00f3n (1353 \u2013 36 pred Kr.) starovek\u00e9ho Egypta z 18. dynastie, ktor\u00fd zalo\u017eil nov\u00fd kult zasv\u00e4ten\u00fd Atonovi, slne\u010dn\u00e9mu kot\u00fa\u010du.<\/p>\n

V dlhom priebehu egyptsk\u00fdch dej\u00edn bolo m\u00e1lo post\u00e1v tak kontroverzn\u00fdch ako Achnaton. Obdobie okolo vl\u00e1dy tohto egyptsk\u00e9ho fara\u00f3na sa vyzna\u010dovalo spolo\u010densk\u00fdmi, politick\u00fdmi a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi otrasmi, ak\u00e9 za\u017eilo len m\u00e1lo kult\u00far<\/strong>. Za necel\u00e9 dve desa\u0165ro\u010dia na tr\u00f3ne, Achnaton presadil nov\u00e9 aspekty egyptsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, prepracoval umeleck\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl, presunul hlavn\u00e9 mesto Egypta na predt\u00fdm neob\u00fdvan\u00e9 miesto, zaviedol nov\u00fa formu architekt\u00fary<\/strong> a pok\u00fasil sa vymaza\u0165 men\u00e1 a obrazy niektor\u00fdch egyptsk\u00fdch tradi\u010dn\u00fdch bohov.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Obaja mu\u017ei sa ne\u017ene obj\u00edmaj\u00fa. \u201e\u00daboh\u00e1 kr\u00e1\u013eovn\u00e1 Nefertiti. E\u0161te pred ned\u00e1vnom ju tla\u010dil k svojej hrudi jej man\u017eel Achnaton, teraz m\u00e1 v\u0161ak fara\u00f3n o\u010di len pre svojho nov\u00e9ho favorita,\u201c \u0161u\u0161k\u00e1 sa na dvore. Zdroj: rf-hobby.cz\n

Skor\u00e1 vl\u00e1da<\/h3>\n

Len m\u00e1lo vedcov teraz s\u00fahlas\u00ed s tvrden\u00edm, \u017ee Amenhotep III. pripojil na tr\u00f3n svojho syna<\/strong> Amenhotepa IV.<\/p>\n

Tu sa v s\u00falade so v\u0161eobecn\u00fdm vedeck\u00fdm konsenzom predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee star\u0161\u00ed fara\u00f3n zomrel sk\u00f4r, ako jeho syn z\u00edskal moc. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee v \u010dase svojho n\u00e1stupu alebo kr\u00e1tko po \u0148om sa Amenhotep IV. o\u017eenil s Nefertiti.<\/p>\n

Po\u010das nieko\u013ek\u00fdch prv\u00fdch rokov svojej vl\u00e1dy zaviedol Amenhotep IV. rozsiahle zmeny v oblasti n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva, architekt\u00fary a umenia<\/strong>. V oblasti Karnaku zalo\u017eil nieko\u013eko nov\u00fdch chr\u00e1mov zasv\u00e4ten\u00fdch Re-Harakhte, a bol op\u00edsan\u00fd ako \u201esvetlo, ktor\u00e9 je v slne\u010dnom kot\u00fa\u010di.\u201c<\/p>\n

Navy\u0161e, nov\u00fd boh Aton u\u017e nebol zobrazovan\u00fd v antropomorfnej forme, ale ako samotn\u00fd slne\u010dn\u00fd kot\u00fa\u010d, vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd k nebesiam a roz\u0161iruj\u00faci svoje l\u00fa\u010de nad kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fa rodinu<\/strong>. Ka\u017ed\u00fd l\u00fa\u010d kon\u010dil malou rukou, s ktorou mohol Aton pon\u00faknu\u0165 znamenie \u017eivota kr\u00e1\u013eovi a kr\u00e1\u013eovnej alebo dokonca obja\u0165 ich \u00fady a koruny.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zmeny v tradi\u010dn\u00fdch ritu\u00e1loch<\/h3>\n

Na rozdiel od tradi\u010dn\u00e9ho ritu\u00e1lu<\/strong> predp\u00edsan\u00e9ho pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu egyptsk\u00fdch bo\u017estiev, ktor\u00fd sa vykon\u00e1val v mal\u00fdch, zatemnen\u00fdch sv\u00e4tyniach v najvn\u00fatornej\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1kutiach ich chr\u00e1mov<\/strong>, oddanos\u0165 Amenhotepa IV. k Atonovi, sa oslavovala hostinami s ve\u013ek\u00fdm mno\u017estvom jed\u00e1l a vykon\u00e1vala sa na otvorenom priestranstve<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Atonove chr\u00e1my v Karnaku preto pozost\u00e1vali zo s\u00e9rie rozsiahlych dvorov pod hol\u00fdm nebom, v ktor\u00fdch prakticky nebol v\u00f4bec \u017eiadny vn\u00fatorn\u00fd priestor. Jedin\u00e1 zachovan\u00e1 architekt\u00fara z Karnaku nazna\u010duje, \u017ee tieto dvory boli lemovan\u00e9 zastre\u0161en\u00fdmi portikami s kolos\u00e1lnymi sochami fara\u00f3na<\/strong>, umiestnen\u00fdmi na st\u013apoch.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Amenhotep IV. Zdroj: flickr.com\n

Fara\u00f3n bez mu\u017esk\u00fdch genit\u00e1li\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Achnatonov nov\u00fd pr\u00edstup k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu sa prejavil aj v in\u00fdch aspektoch egyptskej kult\u00fary, najm\u00e4 v umeleckej sf\u00e9re.<\/p>\n

Prv\u00e9 diela na objedn\u00e1vku kr\u00e1\u013ea sa objavili v tradi\u010dnom t\u00e9bskom \u0161t\u00fdle, ktor\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edval takmer ka\u017ed\u00fd fara\u00f3n z 18. dynastie, ktor\u00fd mu predch\u00e1dzal. Ke\u010f v\u0161ak implementoval nov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 my\u0161lienky, kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 umenie sa vyvinulo tak, aby odr\u00e1\u017ealo koncepty atenizmu. Najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie zmeny s\u00fa vidie\u0165 na vzh\u013eade kr\u00e1\u013eovskej rodiny. Hlavy boli v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie ako v tradi\u010dnom \u0161t\u00fdle a boli podopret\u00e9 pred\u013a\u017een\u00fdmi a \u0161t\u00edhlymi krkmi<\/strong>. Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e1 rodina nadobudla viac androg\u00fdnny vzh\u013ead, ktor\u00fd niekedy dokonca zakr\u00fdval rozdiel medzi Achnatonom a kr\u00e1\u013eovnou Nefertiti<\/strong>. Ich tv\u00e1re sa vyzna\u010dovali ve\u013ek\u00fdmi perami, dlh\u00fdmi nosmi a pri\u017em\u00faren\u00fdmi o\u010dami a ich tel\u00e1 mali \u00fazke ramen\u00e1 a p\u00e1sy, mal\u00e9 trupy a ve\u013ek\u00e9 stehn\u00e1, zadok a brucho.<\/p>\n

Ve\u013ea vedeck\u00fdch diskusi\u00ed sa s\u00fastredilo na to, \u010di tieto \u010drty odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa skuto\u010dn\u00fd vzh\u013ead fara\u00f3na<\/strong> \u2013 roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fd konvenciou na jeho rodinu a slu\u017eobn\u00edkov \u2013 a diskutovalo sa o r\u00f4znych te\u00f3ri\u00e1ch o predpokladanej patol\u00f3gii Amenhotepa IV a o tom, ak\u00e9 zdravotn\u00e9 stavy m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 zobrazen\u00e9 anatomick\u00e9 \u010drty.<\/p>\n

Najm\u00e4 karnack\u00e9 kolosy vykazuj\u00fa tieto nov\u00e9 vlastnosti v zna\u010dne prehnanej forme, vr\u00e1tane tej, ktor\u00e1 okato zobrazuje fara\u00f3na bez mu\u017esk\u00fdch genit\u00e1li\u00ed<\/strong>. \u010ci tieto sochy mali predstavova\u0165 mu\u017esk\u00fd a \u017eensk\u00fd element spojen\u00fd v osobe bo\u017esk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013ea, alebo \u010di s\u00fa to len sochy Nefertiti, nebolo uspokojivo stanoven\u00e9.<\/p>\n

R\u00f4zne pozoruhodn\u00e9 inov\u00e1cie Amenhotepa IV. vo viacerych kult\u00farnych sf\u00e9rach mo\u017eno rozumne pova\u017eova\u0165 za prejav int\u00edmneho spojenia medzi umen\u00edm a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom v egyptskej kult\u00fare.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nov\u00e9 hlavn\u00e9 mesto<\/h3>\n

Tieto kroky smerovali ku kult\u00farnej revol\u00facii, ktor\u00e1 vyvrcholila<\/strong> Achnatonov\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm presun\u00fa\u0165 hlavn\u00e9 mesto Egypta z T\u00e9b na predt\u00fdm neob\u00fdvan\u00e9 miesto, ktor\u00e9 pomenoval Achetaten (dne\u0161n\u00fd Tell el Amarna).<\/p>\n

V piatom roku Achnatonovej vl\u00e1dy tvrdil, \u017ee \u201eobjavil\u201c polohu nov\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho mesta<\/strong>. Kr\u00e1\u013e vyhl\u00e1sil, \u017ee Aton sa na tom mieste prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t prejavil a \u017ee Aton si toto miesto vybral pre fara\u00f3na s\u00e1m. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee Armana bol vybran\u00fd aj preto, \u017ee \u00fatesy, ktor\u00e9 lemuj\u00fa nov\u00e9 mesto, pripom\u00ednali symbol Axt, \u010do znamen\u00e1 \u201ehorizont\u201c. Aby bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 r\u00fdchlo postavi\u0165 mesto, boli zaveden\u00e9 men\u0161ie stavebn\u00e9 bloky, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 talatat, ktor\u00e9 boli pre nekvalifikovan\u00fdch robotn\u00edkov \u013eah\u0161ie zvl\u00e1dnute\u013en\u00e9<\/strong>. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina mestsk\u00fdch a administrat\u00edvnych budov bola dokon\u010den\u00e1 zhruba o tri roky nesk\u00f4r.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Achnaton, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd aj Amenhotep IV., gr\u00e9cky Amenophis, bol fara\u00f3n (1353 \u2013 36 pred Kr.) starovek\u00e9ho Egypta z 18. dynastie, ktor\u00fd zalo\u017eil nov\u00fd kult zasv\u00e4ten\u00fd Atonovi,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7792","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7792","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7792"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7792\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7792"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7792"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7792"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}