{"id":7835,"date":"2022-08-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-03T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/psychologicke-experimenty-ktore-prekrocili-hranicu-2-cast\/"},"modified":"2022-08-04T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-08-03T23:00:00","slug":"psychologicke-experimenty-ktore-prekrocili-hranicu-2-cast","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/psychologicke-experimenty-ktore-prekrocili-hranicu-2-cast\/","title":{"rendered":"Psychologick\u00e9 experimenty, ktor\u00e9 prekro\u010dili hranicu: 2.\u010das\u0165"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0160t\u00fadia pr\u00ed\u0161er<\/h3>\n

1939<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Logopedick\u00fd experiment psychol\u00f3ga Dr. Wendella Johnsona, ktor\u00fd jeho s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00edci vhodne ozna\u010dili za \u201e\u0160t\u00fadiu pr\u00ed\u0161er\u201c<\/strong>, bol najprv dr\u017ean\u00fd v tajnosti pre pr\u00edpad, \u017ee by po\u0161kodil jeho profesion\u00e1lnu reput\u00e1ciu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Postgradu\u00e1lna \u0161tudentka Mary Tudorov\u00e1 uskuto\u010dnila experiment pod Johnsonov\u00fdm doh\u013eadom.<\/p>\n

Dvadsa\u0165dva osirel\u00fdch det\u00ed, z ktor\u00fdch desa\u0165 malo probl\u00e9my s koktan\u00edm<\/strong>, bolo rozdelen\u00fdch do dvoch skup\u00edn, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00e1 obsahovala zmes det\u00ed s poruchami re\u010di a bez nich. Jedna zo skup\u00edn dostala pozit\u00edvnu, povzbudzuj\u00facu sp\u00e4tn\u00fa v\u00e4zbu o ich verb\u00e1lnej komunik\u00e1cii, zatia\u013e \u010do druh\u00e1 bola \u00faplne zneva\u017eovan\u00e1 pre ich \u2013 niekedy neexistuj\u00face \u2013 probl\u00e9my s re\u010dou<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1to \u0161es\u0165mesa\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia mala ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv dokonca aj na t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed predt\u00fdm nemali \u017eiadne probl\u00e9my s rozpr\u00e1van\u00edm<\/strong>, v d\u00f4sledku \u010doho boli niektor\u00ed neist\u00ed a uzavret\u00ed. V roku 2007 z\u00edskalo sedem det\u00ed od \u0161t\u00e1tu Iowa dokopy 1,2 mili\u00f3na dol\u00e1rov, za celo\u017eivotn\u00e9 psychick\u00e9 a emocion\u00e1lne jazvy sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u0161es\u0165mesa\u010dn\u00fdm tr\u00e1pen\u00edm po\u010das experimentu na univerzite v Iowe.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Siroty ako subjekty krut\u00fdch experimentov. Zdroj: onedio.co\n

 <\/p>\n

Opi\u010die drogov\u00e9 testy<\/h3>\n

1969<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

V roku 1969 sa uskuto\u010dnil pokus na zvierat\u00e1ch za \u00fa\u010delom sledovania \u00fa\u010dinkov u\u017e\u00edvania drog a z\u00e1vislosti. Experiment zis\u0165oval, \u010di sa opice stan\u00fa z\u00e1visl\u00fdmi na drog\u00e1ch a v d\u00f4sledku toho si bud\u00fa sami pod\u00e1va\u0165 drogy<\/strong>, aby pokra\u010dovali v zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed drog. Nevedom\u00fdm prim\u00e1tom pod\u00e1vali drogy, vr\u00e1tane koka\u00ednu, amfetam\u00ednov, morf\u00ednu, LSD a alkoholu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Opice sa stali z\u00e1visl\u00fdmi na drog\u00e1ch, boli pre seba nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a nakoniec zomreli<\/strong>. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci zistili, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 \u010drty op\u00edc boli podobn\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00fdm, a v\u00fdsledky nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee jedn\u00fdm z hlavn\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov zneu\u017e\u00edvania drog, je psychick\u00e1 z\u00e1vislos\u0165.<\/p>\n

Tento experiment je ve\u013emi neetick\u00fd a krut\u00fd, preto\u017ee sp\u00f4sobil zvierat\u00e1m \u00fazkos\u0165, opice trpeli boles\u0165ami<\/strong> a nakoniec zomreli.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1klade tohto v\u00fdskumu vedci tvrdili, \u017ee preuk\u00e1zali s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm drog a psychickou z\u00e1vislos\u0165ou<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Pokusy na opiciach neboli vedecky prospe\u0161n\u00e9 z viacer\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov<\/strong>, jeden z nich je, \u017ee zvierat\u00e1 nie s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 po\u017e\u00edva\u0165 drogy vo vonkaj\u0161om svete, pokia\u013e na to nie s\u00fa vycvi\u010den\u00e9 \u013eu\u010fmi.<\/p>\n

Tento experiment tie\u017e nie je prospe\u0161n\u00fd, preto\u017ee okrem zistenia, \u017ee \u013eudsk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie a opice so zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm drog s\u00fa podobn\u00e9, neospravedl\u0148uje to, \u010domu boli zvierat\u00e1 vystaven\u00e9.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Opi\u010die drogov\u00e9 testy. Zdroj: istverse.com\n

 <\/p>\n

UCLA experiment s liekmi na schizofr\u00e9niu<\/h3>\n

1983 \u2013 1994<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Od roku 1983 psychol\u00f3g Keith H. Nuechterlein a psychiater Michael Gitlin z UCLA Medical Center za\u010dali kontroverzn\u00fa \u0161t\u00fadiu du\u0161evn\u00fdch procesov schizofr\u00e9nie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

I\u0161lo o experimenty na pacientoch trpiacich schizofr\u00e9niou, ktor\u00e9 mali odhali\u0165 v\u00fdvoj ich choroby po vysaden\u00ed potrebn\u00fdch liekov.<\/p>\n

V\u0161etci pacienti podp\u00edsali informovan\u00fd s\u00fahlas, v ktorom uviedli, \u017ee ch\u00e1pu, \u017ee v experimente sa ich stav m\u00f4\u017ee \u201ezlep\u0161i\u0165, zhor\u0161i\u0165 alebo zosta\u0165 nezmenen\u00fd\u201c.<\/p>\n

23 z 50 pacientov lie\u010den\u00fdch na schizofr\u00e9niu utrpelo po vysaden\u00ed lieku \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 recid\u00edvy. Nieko\u013eko pacientov malo viac ako jeden z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd relaps vr\u00e1tane halucin\u00e1ci\u00ed a paranoje.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nebolo im povedan\u00e9, ak\u00e9 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 ich recid\u00edvy, vr\u00e1tane mo\u017enosti trpie\u0165 \u010doraz z\u00e1va\u017enej\u0161\u00edmi pr\u00edznakmi, a mnoho \u010fal\u0161ieho.<\/p>\n

Rodiny dvoch pacientov podali s\u0165a\u017enosti na experiment feder\u00e1lnej vl\u00e1de. Jeden z pacientov, Antonio Lamadrid, b\u00fdval\u00fd \u0161tudent UCLA, sp\u00e1chal samovra\u017edu. Druh\u00fd, Gregory Aller, odi\u0161iel z vysokej \u0161koly a vyhr\u00e1\u017eal sa, \u017ee zabije svojich rodi\u010dov<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Rodiny \u0161tyroch pacientov v \u0161t\u00fadii UCLA v rozhovoroch uviedli, \u017ee ak by im bolo povedan\u00e9 o o\u010dak\u00e1vanom po\u0161koden\u00ed, nikdy by \u00fa\u010das\u0165 nedovolili<\/strong>. Povedali, \u017ee boli veden\u00ed k presved\u010deniu, \u017ee cie\u013eom programu je pon\u00faknu\u0165 vysokokvalitn\u00fa lie\u010dbu<\/strong>, ako aj v\u00fdskum.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Experiment s b\u00e1bikou Bobo. Zdroj: thelearningchapter.com\n

<\/h3>\n

Albert Bandura a b\u00e1bika Bobo<\/h3>\n

1961, 1963<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Za\u010diatkom \u0161es\u0165desiatych rokov sa psychol\u00f3g Albert Bandura zo Stanfordskej univerzity pok\u00fasil uk\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee spr\u00e1vanie \u2013 v tomto pr\u00edpade n\u00e1siln\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie \u2013 sa d\u00e1 nau\u010di\u0165 pozorovan\u00edm odmeny a trestu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

K tomu potreboval 72 \u0161k\u00f4lkarov spolu s ve\u013ekou, nafukovacou hra\u010dkou, zn\u00e1mou ako b\u00e1bika Bobo<\/strong>. Detsk\u00e1 zostava spo\u010d\u00edvala z\u00a036 chlapcov a 36 diev\u010dat. Ich priemern\u00fd vek bol 4 a pol roka<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Prin\u00fatil podskupinu det\u00ed, aby pribli\u017ene desa\u0165 min\u00fat sledovali dospel\u00e9ho, ako n\u00e1silne bije a slovne t\u00fdra hra\u010dku<\/strong>. Bandura znepokojivo zistil, \u017ee z dvoch tuctov det\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 boli svedkami tohto prejavu, bolo v mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch toto spr\u00e1vanie napodob\u0148ovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f dospel\u00fd odi\u0161iel a deti zostali v izbe s b\u00e1bikou Bobo sam\u00e9, za\u010dali by\u0165 vo\u010di b\u00e1bike verb\u00e1lne a fyzicky agres\u00edvne, a \u00fato\u010dili na \u0148u s takou intenzitou, ktor\u00e1 bola ve\u013emi desiv\u00e1<\/strong>, aj vzh\u013eadom na n\u00edzky vek det\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V roku 1963 Bandura uskuto\u010dnil \u010fal\u0161\u00ed experiment<\/strong> s b\u00e1bikou Bobo, ktor\u00fd priniesol podobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. Psychologick\u00fd v\u00fdskum sa v\u0161ak odvtedy dostal pod pa\u013ebu z etick\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov, ke\u010f\u017ee jeho subjekty boli v podstate vycvi\u010den\u00e9, aby konali agres\u00edvne<\/strong> \u2013 s mo\u017en\u00fdmi dlhodob\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledkami.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0160t\u00fadia pr\u00ed\u0161er 1939   Logopedick\u00fd experiment psychol\u00f3ga Dr. Wendella Johnsona, ktor\u00fd jeho s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00edci vhodne ozna\u010dili za \u201e\u0160t\u00fadiu pr\u00ed\u0161er\u201c, bol najprv dr\u017ean\u00fd v tajnosti pre pr\u00edpad,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7835","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7835","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7835"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7835\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7835"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7835"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7835"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}