{"id":7910,"date":"2022-09-19T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-09-18T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/kto-v-skutocnosti-postavil-pyramidy\/"},"modified":"2022-09-19T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-09-18T23:00:00","slug":"kto-v-skutocnosti-postavil-pyramidy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/kto-v-skutocnosti-postavil-pyramidy\/","title":{"rendered":"Kto v skuto\u010dnosti postavil pyram\u00eddy?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pyram\u00eddy boli postaven\u00e9 v \u010dase, ke\u010f bol Egypt <strong>jednou z najbohat\u0161\u00edch a najmocnej\u0161\u00edch civiliz\u00e1ci\u00ed na svete<\/strong>, a s\u00fa jedny z najve\u013ekolepej\u0161\u00edch stavieb v hist\u00f3rii.<\/p>\n<p>Ich mas\u00edvny rozsah odr\u00e1\u017ea jedine\u010dn\u00fa \u00falohu, ktor\u00fa mal fara\u00f3n v staroegyptskej spolo\u010dnosti. Hoci sa pyram\u00eddy<strong> stavali od za\u010diatku Starej r\u00ed\u0161e do konca obdobia Ptolemaiovcov v \u0161tvrtom storo\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161ho letopo\u010dtu<\/strong>, vrchol stavby pyram\u00edd za\u010dal koncom tretej dynastie, a pokra\u010doval zhruba do \u0161iestej (asi 2325 pred Kristom).<\/p>\n<p>O viac ako 4000 rokov nesk\u00f4r si egyptsk\u00e9 pyram\u00eddy st\u00e1le zachov\u00e1vaj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fa \u010das\u0165 svojej majest\u00e1tnosti, a poskytuj\u00fa poh\u013ead do bohatej a sl\u00e1vnej minulosti krajiny.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Fara\u00f3n v egyptskej spolo\u010dnosti<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Po\u010das <strong>tretej a \u0161tvrtej dynastie Starej r\u00ed\u0161e sa Egypt te\u0161il z obrovskej ekonomickej prosperity<\/strong> a stability.<\/p>\n<p>Fara\u00f3ni mali v egyptskej spolo\u010dnosti jedine\u010dn\u00e9 postavenie. Verilo sa, \u017ee si ich vybrali samotn\u00ed bohovia, aby sl\u00fa\u017eili ako ich sprostredkovatelia na zemi. Bolo v z\u00e1ujme ka\u017ed\u00e9ho zachova\u0165 kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fd majest\u00e1t neporu\u0161en\u00fd aj po jeho smrti, ke\u010f\u017ee sa verilo, \u017ee sa fara\u00f3n stane Osirisom, bohom m\u0155tvych. Nov\u00fdm fara\u00f3nom sa stal Horus, sokolsk\u00fd boh, ktor\u00fd sl\u00fa\u017eil ako ochranca boha slnka Ra.<\/p>\n<p>Starovek\u00ed Egyp\u0165ania verili, \u017ee ke\u010f <strong>fara\u00f3n zomrel, \u010das\u0165 jeho ducha (zn\u00e1ma ako \u201eka\u201c) zostala s jeho telom<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Aby sa o jeho<strong> ducha spr\u00e1vne postarali, m\u0155tvolu mumifikovali a spolu s \u0148ou pochovali v\u0161etko, \u010do by kr\u00e1\u013e potreboval v posmrtnom \u017eivote<\/strong>, vr\u00e1tane zlat\u00fdch n\u00e1dob, jedla, n\u00e1bytku a in\u00fdch darov. Bohatstvo pyram\u00edd malo zabezpe\u010di\u0165 nielen jeho, ale aj pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch, \u00faradn\u00edkov a k\u0148azov, ktor\u00ed boli pochovan\u00ed v jeho bl\u00edzkosti.<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Ran\u00e9 pyram\u00eddy<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Od za\u010diatku dynastickej \u00e9ry (2950 p. n. l.) boli kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 hrobky vytesan\u00e9 do skaly a pokryt\u00e9 obd\u013a\u017enikov\u00fdmi \u0161trukt\u00farami s plochou strechou &#8211; zn\u00e1me ako <strong>\u201emastabas\u201c, ktor\u00e9 boli predchodcami<\/strong> pyram\u00edd.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Najstar\u0161ia zn\u00e1ma pyram\u00edda v Egypte bola postaven\u00e1 okolo roku 2630 p.n.l. v Sakk\u00e1re za kr\u00e1\u013ea tretej dynastie D\u017eosera<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Architektom pyram\u00edd bol<strong> Imhotep, k\u0148az a lie\u010dite\u013e, ktor\u00fd bol asi o 1400 rokov nesk\u00f4r zbo\u017e\u0148ovan\u00fd ako patr\u00f3n pis\u00e1rov a lek\u00e1rov<\/strong>. V priebehu takmer 20-ro\u010dnej D\u017eoserovej vl\u00e1dy zostavili stavitelia pyram\u00edd \u0161es\u0165 stup\u0148ovit\u00fdch vrstiev kame\u0148a, ktor\u00e9 nakoniec dosiahli v\u00fd\u0161ku 62 metrov. Bola to najvy\u0161\u0161ia budova svojej doby.<\/p>\n<p>Stup\u0148ovit\u00fa pyram\u00eddu obklopoval<strong> komplex n\u00e1dvor\u00ed, chr\u00e1mov a sv\u00e4t\u00fd\u0148, kde si D\u017eoser mohol u\u017e\u00edva\u0165<\/strong> svoj posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Pyram\u00eddy v Gize. Zdroj: worldhistory.org\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Ve\u013ek\u00e9 pyram\u00eddy v G\u00edze<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u017diadne pyram\u00eddy nie s\u00fa oslavovan\u00e9 viac ako <strong>Ve\u013ek\u00e9 pyram\u00eddy v G\u00edze, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na n\u00e1hornej plo\u0161ine na z\u00e1padnom brehu rieky N\u00edl, na okraji s\u00fa\u010dasnej K\u00e1hiry<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Najstar\u0161ia a najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia z troch pyram\u00edd v G\u00edze, zn\u00e1ma ako Ve\u013ek\u00e1 pyram\u00edda<\/strong>, je jedinou zachovanou stavbou zo sl\u00e1vnych siedmich divov starovek\u00e9ho sveta.<\/p>\n<p>Bola postaven\u00e1 pre<strong> fara\u00f3na Chufua (v gr\u00e9\u010dtine Cheops)<\/strong>, Sneferovho n\u00e1stupcu a druh\u00e9ho z \u00f4smich kr\u00e1\u013eov \u0161tvrtej dynastie. Hoci Chufu vl\u00e1dol 23 rokov, o jeho vl\u00e1de sa okrem ve\u013ekosti jeho pyram\u00eddy vie pomerne m\u00e1lo.<\/p>\n<p>Jej p\u00f4vodn\u00e1 <strong>v\u00fd\u0161ka bola 147 metrov<\/strong>, \u010do z nej rob\u00ed najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu pyram\u00eddu na svete. Ved\u013ea Ve\u013ekej pyram\u00eddy s\u00fa zoraden\u00e9<strong> tri mal\u00e9 pyram\u00eddy, postaven\u00e9 pre Chufuove kr\u00e1\u013eovn\u00e9, a ne\u010faleko bola n\u00e1jden\u00e1 hrobka obsahuj\u00faca pr\u00e1zdny sarkof\u00e1g jeho matky<\/strong>, kr\u00e1\u013eovnej Hetepheres. Rovnako ako ostatn\u00e9 pyram\u00eddy, aj Chufuova je obklopen\u00e1 radmi mast\u00e1b, kde boli pochovan\u00ed pr\u00edbuzn\u00ed alebo \u00faradn\u00edci kr\u00e1\u013ea, aby ho sprev\u00e1dzali a podporovali v posmrtnom \u017eivote.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rachefova (Chefrenova) pyram\u00edda je druhou najvy\u0161\u0161ou pyram\u00eddou<\/strong> v G\u00edze, a nach\u00e1dza sa v nej hrob fara\u00f3na Khafreho.<\/p>\n<p>Jedine\u010dn\u00fdm prvkom postaven\u00fdm vo vn\u00fatri Khafreho pyram\u00eddov\u00e9ho komplexu bola <strong>Ve\u013ek\u00e1 sfinga, socha str\u00e1\u017ecu vytesan\u00e1 do v\u00e1penca, s hlavou mu\u017ea a telom leva<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Bola to najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia socha v starovekom svete, a v 18. dynastii sa za\u010dala <strong>uctieva\u0165 Ve\u013ek\u00e1 Sfinga ako obraz miestnej podoby boha Hora<\/strong>. Najju\u017enej\u0161ia pyram\u00edda v G\u00edze bola postaven\u00e1 pre Khafreho syna Menkaura. Je to najmen\u0161ia z troch pyram\u00edd a je predchodcom men\u0161\u00edch pyram\u00edd, ktor\u00e9 boli postaven\u00e9 po\u010das piatej a \u0161iestej dynastie.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Ve\u013ek\u00e1 sfinga. Zdroj: timesofindia.indiatimes.com\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Kto postavil pyram\u00eddy?<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aj ke\u010f niektor\u00e9 <strong>verzie hist\u00f3rie tvrdili, \u017ee pyram\u00eddy postavili otroci alebo cudzinci n\u00faten\u00ed pracova\u0165, kostry vykopan\u00e9 z tejto oblasti ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee robotn\u00edci boli pravdepodobne p\u00f4vodn\u00ed egyptsk\u00ed po\u013enohospod\u00e1rski robotn\u00edci<\/strong>, ktor\u00ed pracovali na pyram\u00eddach po\u010das roka, ke\u010f rieka N\u00edl zaplavila krajinu nav\u00f4kol.<\/p>\n<p>Na stavbu Chufuovej Ve\u013ekej pyram\u00eddy bolo potrebn\u00e9 nareza\u0165, previez\u0165 a posklada\u0165 pribli\u017ene <strong>2,3 mili\u00f3na blokov kame\u0148a (v priemere asi 2,5 tony)<\/strong>. Starovek\u00fd gr\u00e9cky historik Herodotos nap\u00edsal, \u017ee v\u00fdstavba trvala 20 rokov a vy\u017eadovala si pr\u00e1cu<strong> 100 000 mu\u017eov, ale neskor\u0161ie archeologick\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee v skuto\u010dnosti mohlo \u00eds\u0165 o pr\u00e1cu okolo 20 000 \u013eud\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Koniec \u00e9ry pyram\u00edd<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pyram\u00eddy sa na\u010falej stavali po\u010das piatej a \u0161iestej dynastie, ale v\u0161eobecn\u00e1<strong> kvalita a rozsah ich v\u00fdstavby v tomto obdob\u00ed klesali spolu s mocou a bohatstvom samotn\u00fdch fara\u00f3nov<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>V neskor\u0161\u00edch pyram\u00eddach Starej r\u00ed\u0161e, po\u010dn\u00fac pyram\u00eddami fara\u00f3na Unasa, za\u010dali <strong>stavitelia pyram\u00edd zapisova\u0165 p\u00edsomn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy o udalostiach, na steny pohrebnej komory a zvy\u0161ok interi\u00e9ru<\/strong> pyram\u00eddy. S\u00fa to prv\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kompoz\u00edcie zn\u00e1me zo starovek\u00e9ho Egypta, zn\u00e1me ako pyram\u00eddov\u00e9 texty.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Posledn\u00fdm zo stavite\u013eov ve\u013ek\u00fdch pyram\u00edd bol Pepy II.<\/strong> (2278-2184 p.n.l.), druh\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e \u0161iestej dynastie, ktor\u00fd sa dostal k moci ako mal\u00fd chlapec a <strong>vl\u00e1dol 94 rokov<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>V \u010dase jeho vl\u00e1dy prosperita Starej r\u00ed\u0161e klesala, a fara\u00f3n stratil \u010das\u0165 svojho kv\u00e1zi bo\u017esk\u00e9ho postavenia, ke\u010f\u017ee moc nekr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch administrat\u00edvnych \u00faradn\u00edkov r\u00e1stla. Pyram\u00edda Pepyho II, postaven\u00e1 v Sakk\u00e1re a dokon\u010den\u00e1 asi 30 rokov po jeho vl\u00e1de, bola ove\u013ea men\u0161ia ako ostatn\u00e9 v Starej r\u00ed\u0161i.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Po Pepyho smrti sa kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo a siln\u00e1 centr\u00e1lna vl\u00e1da prakticky zr\u00fatili, a Egypt vst\u00fapil do turbulentnej f\u00e1zy<\/strong>, zn\u00e1mej ako prv\u00e9 prechodn\u00e9 obdobie. Neskor\u0161\u00ed kr\u00e1li z 12. dynastie sa vr\u00e1tili k stavbe pyram\u00edd po\u010das takzvanej f\u00e1zy Strednej r\u00ed\u0161e, ale nikdy to nebolo v takom rozsahu ako Ve\u013ek\u00e9 pyram\u00eddy.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pyram\u00eddy boli postaven\u00e9 v \u010dase, ke\u010f bol Egypt jednou z najbohat\u0161\u00edch a najmocnej\u0161\u00edch civiliz\u00e1ci\u00ed na svete, a s\u00fa jedny z najve\u013ekolepej\u0161\u00edch stavieb v hist\u00f3rii. Ich<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7910","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7910"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7910\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7910"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7910"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7910"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}