{"id":7925,"date":"2022-10-06T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-05T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/28091-2\/"},"modified":"2022-10-06T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-10-05T23:00:00","slug":"28091-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/28091-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Futurizmus: Ke\u010f sa umenie mie\u0161a s politikou"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pr\u00edklad futurizmu je pou\u010den\u00edm o tom, ako sa umenie a politika m\u00f4\u017eu neoddelite\u013ene prepoji\u0165. Presk\u00famajte, <strong>ako futurizmus vznikol, ako sa vyv\u00edjal aj\u00a0 ako sa rozplynul<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em> \u201eVyhlasujeme nov\u00fa kr\u00e1su, kr\u00e1su r\u00fdchlosti. Pretek\u00e1rske motorov\u00e9 vozidlo je kraj\u0161ie ako V\u00ed\u0165azstvo v Samothrace.\u201c<\/em><br \/>\nFuturistick\u00fd manifest<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/todayisartday\/status\/1006871544545660928\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/todayisartday\/status\/1006871544545660928<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>My\u0161lienky, ktor\u00e9 horeli pr\u00edli\u0161 jasne a pr\u00edli\u0161 bl\u00edzko vojnov\u00e9ho n\u00e1silia<\/h3>\n<p>V roku 1909 bol na titulnej strane nov\u00edn<strong> Le Figaro <\/strong>uverejnen\u00fd<strong> <em>&quot;<\/em>Futuristick\u00fd manifest<em>&quot;<\/em> Filippa Tommasa Marinettiho<\/strong>. Jeho vydan\u00edm sa futurizmus dostal do \u017eivota. Hnutie m\u00e1 p\u00f4vod v Mil\u00e1ne, r\u00fdchlo sa roz\u0161\u00edrilo aj do Tur\u00edna a Neapola a nesk\u00f4r do cel\u00e9ho sveta. Marinetti aj ostatn\u00ed taliansk\u00ed futuristick\u00ed umelci boli nespokojn\u00ed, \u017ee sa Taliansko st\u00e1le spolieha na svoje klasick\u00e9 dedi\u010dstvo a neprij\u00edma bud\u00facnos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Marinettiho manifest ud\u00e1val pomerne ohniv\u00fd t\u00f3n, v ktorom <strong>otvorene \u00fato\u010dil na kult\u00farnu trad\u00edciu a brojil proti zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm predstav\u00e1m o umen\u00ed<\/strong>. Dokonca <strong>vyz\u00fdval na zni\u010denie m\u00faze\u00ed, kni\u017en\u00edc a feminizmu<\/strong>. <strong>Provokat\u00edvny program futurizmu<\/strong> <strong>sa \u0161\u00edril po mest\u00e1ch na celom svete<\/strong> v snahe prebudi\u0165 nov\u00fa \u00e9ru umenia modern\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Pr\u00e1ve prostredn\u00edctvom celosvetovej komunik\u00e1cie futuristi<strong> ovplyv\u0148ovali \u013eud\u00ed masovou propag\u00e1ciou svojich my\u0161lienok<\/strong>. Vyd\u00e1vali knihy, viedli umeleck\u00e9 a liter\u00e1rne \u010dasopisy, magaz\u00edny a noviny. Ich cie\u013eom bolo doby\u0165 medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fa sc\u00e9nu <strong>a oslovi\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed prostredn\u00edctvom po\u00e9zie, politiky, z\u00e1bavy a umenia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/s_galimberti\/status\/733776383202185216\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/s_galimberti\/status\/733776383202185216<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Mnoh\u00ed talianski futuristi podporovali fa\u0161izmus a medzi t\u00fdmito dvoma hnutiami mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 paralely. Podobne ako fa\u0161isti, aj futuristi boli silne vlasteneck\u00ed, nad\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00edm a odporcovia parlamentnej demokracie. Ke\u010f sa Mussolini v roku 1922 dostal k moci, prinieslo to futurizmu ofici\u00e1lne uznanie, \u010do v\u0161ak nesk\u00f4r nepriaznivo ovplyvnilo mnoh\u00fdch umelcov, preto\u017ee sa po\u0161kvrnila ich poves\u0165.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Oslava strojov<\/h3>\n<p>Futuristi sa sna\u017eili <strong>odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 zastaran\u00e9 tradi\u010dn\u00e9 predstavy o umen\u00ed<\/strong>. Namiesto toho ich chceli nahradi\u0165 <strong>oslavou veku strojov<\/strong>. Ich hlavn\u00fdm cie\u013eom bolo <strong>predstavi\u0165 dynamick\u00fa v\u00edziu bud\u00facnosti<\/strong>. \u010casto zobrazovali <strong>mestsk\u00e9 panor\u00e1my a nov\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie vr\u00e1tane vlakov, \u00e1ut a lietadiel<\/strong>.<strong> Oslavovali r\u00fdchlos\u0165 a robotn\u00edcku triedu, preto\u017ee verili, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve oni prispej\u00fa k zmene.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Aby futuristi dosiahli vo svojom umen\u00ed pohyb a dynamiku, vyvinuli <strong>nov\u00e9 techniky na vyjadrenie r\u00fdchlosti a pohybu<\/strong>. Medzi tieto techniky patrilo <strong>rozmaz\u00e1vanie a opakovanie<\/strong>. Vyu\u017e\u00edvali aj <strong>silo\u010diary<\/strong>, met\u00f3du, ktor\u00fa prevzali od kubistov. Futuristi p\u00f4sobili v \u0161irokej \u0161k\u00e1le umeleck\u00fdch foriem vr\u00e1tane maliarstva, architekt\u00fary, soch\u00e1rstva, literat\u00fary, divadla a hudby.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Rusk\u00fd futurizmus<\/h3>\n<p>Fenom\u00e9n, ktor\u00fd sa stal zn\u00e1my<strong> ako rusk\u00fd futurizmus<\/strong>, bol oddelen\u00fd od\u00a0 toho talianskeho, ktor\u00fd vznikol v Mil\u00e1ne v roku 1909. Rusk\u00fd futurizmus zah\u0155\u0148al r\u00f4znorod\u00fdch umelcov a postupy. V <strong>Petrohrade a v Moskve<\/strong> sa vytvorili samostatn\u00e9 spolupracuj\u00face skupiny rusk\u00fdch futuristov, <strong>ktor\u00e9 vyd\u00e1vali \u010dasopisy, organizovali diskusie a kur\u00e1torsky pripravovali v\u00fdstavy svojich diel<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Futuristi \u010derpali vplyvy zo Z\u00e1padu a mie\u0161ali ich s vlastn\u00fdm rusk\u00fdm dedi\u010dstvom, oslavovali nov\u00e9 koncepcie v psychol\u00f3gii, te\u00f3rii farieb a lingvistike. Jedn\u00fdm z ich najneobvyklej\u0161\u00edch prvkov bola <strong>prip\u00fatanos\u0165 k rusk\u00fdm trad\u00edci\u00e1m<\/strong>. Medzi najvplyvnej\u0161\u00edch a najplodnej\u0161\u00edch rusk\u00fdch futuristov patrili \u017eeny. Umelkyne ako <strong>Nat\u00e1lia Gon\u010darovov\u00e1, \u013dubov Popovov\u00e1, O\u013ega Rozanov\u00e1 a Maria Siniakov\u00e1<\/strong> zohrali v tomto umeleckom hnut\u00ed \u00fastredn\u00fa \u00falohu. Tieto \u017eeny cestovali alebo \u017eili mimo Ruska, kde v medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch a kozmopolitn\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch ako Par\u00ed\u017e a Berl\u00edn <strong>prekvitali nov\u00e9 my\u0161lienky o rovnosti medzi pohlaviami<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/womensart1\/status\/866533103753457664\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/womensart1\/status\/866533103753457664<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Aj ke\u010f boli rusk\u00ed futuristi proti establi\u0161mentu, nemali jednotn\u00fd politick\u00fd program. Leon Trockij ich nesk\u00f4r nazval <strong>\u201ekaviarensk\u00fdmi umelcami bur\u017eo\u00e1zie\u201c<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Vojna a p\u00e1d<\/h3>\n<p>Po brutalite prvej svetovej vojny mnoh\u00ed umelci odmietli<strong> avantgardn\u00e9 predstavy futurizmu a in\u00fdch predvojnov\u00fdch hnut\u00ed<\/strong> a za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 tradi\u010dnej\u0161ie a miernej\u0161ie pr\u00edstupy. Tento jav bol potom ozna\u010dovan\u00fd ako \u201en\u00e1vrat k poriadku\u201c. Futurizmus ako ucelen\u00e9 a organizovan\u00e9 umeleck\u00e9 hnutie sa <strong>dnes pova\u017euje za zaniknut\u00e9.<\/strong> Zaniklo v roku 1944 smr\u0165ou svojho vodcu Filippa Marinettiho.<\/p>\n<p>Futurizmus skon\u010dil z dvoch podobn\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Niektor\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00ed umelci tohto hnutia zomreli v boji (Umberto Boccioni). <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Vojna sa pre fa\u0161istick\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty neskon\u010dila dobre a uk\u00e1zalo sa, \u017ee vojna je pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch de\u0161trukt\u00edvna a \u017ee technol\u00f3gia sa d\u00e1 pou\u017ei\u0165 na sp\u00f4sobenie \u0161k\u00f4d ve\u013ek\u00e9ho rozsahu.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pr\u00edklad futurizmu je pou\u010den\u00edm o tom, ako sa umenie a politika m\u00f4\u017eu neoddelite\u013ene prepoji\u0165. Presk\u00famajte, ako futurizmus vznikol, ako sa vyv\u00edjal aj\u00a0 ako sa rozplynul.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7925","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7925","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7925"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7925\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7925"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7925"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7925"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}