{"id":7948,"date":"2022-10-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-24T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/nikotin-a-mozog-ako-fajcenie-ovplyvnuje-nas-mozog\/"},"modified":"2022-10-25T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2022-10-24T23:00:00","slug":"nikotin-a-mozog-ako-fajcenie-ovplyvnuje-nas-mozog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/nikotin-a-mozog-ako-fajcenie-ovplyvnuje-nas-mozog\/","title":{"rendered":"Nikot\u00edn a mozog: Ako faj\u010denie ovplyv\u0148uje n\u00e1\u0161 mozog"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u010co je nikot\u00edn?<\/h3>\n

Nikot\u00edn je toxick\u00e1 chemick\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edva v cigaret\u00e1ch, \u017euvacom tabaku a in\u00fdch tabakov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkoch. Nikot\u00edn je rastlinn\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu. Tabakov\u00e1 rastlina ho pou\u017e\u00edva ako prirodzen\u00fa ochranu proti \u0161kodcom<\/strong>. Ak sa u\u017eije v dostato\u010dne vysokej koncentr\u00e1cii, m\u00f4\u017ee aj u \u013eud\u00ed vies\u0165 k otrave a smrti. Pri d\u00e1vkach, ktor\u00e9 sa daj\u00fa po\u017ei\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom komer\u010dne dostupn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov, je v\u0161ak naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom tejto l\u00e1tky jej n\u00e1vykovos\u0165<\/strong>. Nikot\u00edn men\u00ed fungovanie mozgu, men\u00ed jeho dr\u00e1hy odme\u0148ovania, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje, \u017ee \u013eudia t\u00fa\u017eia po v\u00fdrobkoch, ktor\u00e9 ho obsahuj\u00fa.<\/strong><\/p>\n Su\u0161iare\u0148 tabakov\u00fdch listov (Foto: Rusty Watson)\n

\u010co rob\u00ed nikot\u00edn s na\u0161\u00edm mozgom?<\/h3>\n

V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou sa hovor\u00ed o tom, ako faj\u010denie ovplyv\u0148uje p\u013e\u00faca a srdce. <\/strong>Menej zn\u00e1mym faktom je vplyv nikot\u00ednu na mozog<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Nikot\u00edn stimuluje centr\u00e1 slasti v mozgu t\u00fdm, \u017ee napodob\u0148uje dopam\u00edn. Tak\u017ee mozog si za\u010dne sp\u00e1ja\u0165 u\u017e\u00edvanie nikot\u00ednu s dobr\u00fdm pocitom. Nikot\u00edn v mozgu aktivuje dopam\u00ednov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, \u010d\u00edm u n\u00e1s vytv\u00e1ra pr\u00edjemn\u00fd pocit<\/strong>. Postupne za\u010dne n\u00e1\u0161 mozog kompenzova\u0165 t\u00fato zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fa sign\u00e1lnu aktivitu zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm po\u010dtu receptorov. To sp\u00f4sob\u00ed nikot\u00ednov\u00fa toleranciu, t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom je potrebn\u00e9 pokra\u010dova\u0165 v u\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho mno\u017estva nikot\u00ednu. Zmeny, ku ktor\u00fdm doch\u00e1dza v mozgu v d\u00f4sledku tohto cyklu, vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa z\u00e1vislos\u0165 od nikot\u00ednu, preto\u017ee na\u0161e telo si zvykne na pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 nikot\u00ednu v tele, \u010do sa potom st\u00e1va z\u00e1vislos\u0165ou<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Dopam\u00edn<\/strong> je typ neurotransmitera a horm\u00f3nu. Zohr\u00e1va \u00falohu v mnoh\u00fdch d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch telesn\u00fdch funkci\u00e1ch vr\u00e1tane pohybu, pam\u00e4te a pr\u00edjemnej odmeny a motiv\u00e1cie. Vysok\u00e1 alebo n\u00edzka hladina dopam\u00ednu sa sp\u00e1ja s viacer\u00fdmi du\u0161evn\u00fdmi a neurologick\u00fdmi ochoreniami.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dospievanie mozgu<\/h3>\n

Po\u010das dospievania sa mozog st\u00e1le vyv\u00edja. Jednou z oblast\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 dozrievaj\u00fa po\u010das dospievania je prefront\u00e1lna k\u00f4ra (PFC). T\u00e1 je zodpovedn\u00e1 za v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 funkcie a pozornos\u0165. Dospievaj\u00faci faj\u010diari trpia poruchami pozornosti<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 sa s prib\u00fadaj\u00facimi rokmi faj\u010denia zhor\u0161uj\u00fa. Ned\u00e1vne \u0161t\u00fadie na hlodavcoch odhalili molekul\u00e1rne zmeny vyvolan\u00e9 vystaven\u00edm nikot\u00ednu v dospievan\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 menia fungovanie synapsi\u00ed v PFC<\/strong> a ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa z\u00e1kladom trval\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinkov na kognit\u00edvne funkcie.<\/p>\n

Rozdiel medzi dospel\u00fdm a dospievaj\u00facim faj\u010diarom je v citlivosti mozgu na n\u00e1vykov\u00e9 vlastnosti nikot\u00ednu. Dospievaj\u00faci uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa pr\u00edznaky z\u00e1vislosti aj pri n\u00edzkej miere spotreby cigariet. Najn\u00e1chylnej\u0161\u00ed mlad\u00ed \u013eudia str\u00e1caj\u00fa kontrolu pri konzum\u00e1cii tabaku u\u017e v priebehu 1 a\u017e 2 dn\u00ed od prv\u00e9ho zap\u00e1lenia cigarety.<\/strong> U dospievaj\u00facich sa m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00fdskyt abstinen\u010dn\u00fdch pr\u00edznakov a ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00fdch pokusov presta\u0165 faj\u010di\u0165 objavi\u0165 e\u0161te predt\u00fdm, ako spotreba dosiahne dve cigarety denne.<\/p>\n Mlad\u00ed \u013eudia s\u00fa n\u00e1chylnej\u0161\u00ed (Foto: Artem Xromov)\n

Nikot\u00edn a stres<\/h3>\n

Tabakov\u00fd priemysel u\u017e desa\u0165ro\u010dia propaguje il\u00faziu nikot\u00ednu ako n\u00e1stroja na uvo\u013enenie stresu<\/strong>. \u013dudia si\u00a0 u\u017e\u00edvanie tabaku sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa s du\u0161evnou pohodou, zmiernen\u00edm stresu, relax\u00e1ciou a pote\u0161en\u00edm<\/strong>. Tabakov\u00fd priemysel takisto podporuje v\u00fdskum, ktor\u00fd cigarety stavia do poz\u00edcie sp\u00f4sobu samolie\u010dby du\u0161evn\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\n
Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead sa m\u00f4\u017ee zda\u0165, \u017ee nikot\u00edn v n\u00e1s uvo\u013e\u0148uje nahromaden\u00fd stres. Je to sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 t\u00fdm, \u017ee uvo\u013e\u0148uje chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00face pote\u0161enie, v\u010faka \u010domu sa u\u017e\u00edvatelia tabaku kr\u00e1tkodobo c\u00edtia dobre. Je v\u0161ak d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee u\u017e\u00edvanie nikot\u00ednu dlhodobo nezmier\u0148uje stres<\/strong>. Namiesto toho m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov uv\u00e4zni\u0165 v cykle z\u00e1vislosti od nikot\u00ednu. A prinies\u0165 faj\u010diarovi pocity podr\u00e1\u017edenosti, \u00fazkosti a depresie.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
<\/div>\n

Nikot\u00edn a Parkinson<\/h3>\n
\n

Faj\u010denie zvy\u0161uje riziko viac ako 50 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch zdravotn\u00fdch \u0165a\u017ekost\u00ed vr\u00e1tane rakoviny a srdcov\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed. Av\u0161ak s Parkinsonovou chorobou je to in\u00e9.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdskumy pri\u0161li so zauj\u00edmav\u00fdmi \u00fadajmi:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • B\u00fdval\u00ed faj\u010diari mali o 20 % men\u0161ie riziko vzniku Parkinsonovej choroby.<\/li>\n
  • Pas\u00edvne faj\u010denie tie\u017e zni\u017euje riziko vzniku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Pod\u013ea v\u00fdskumov m\u00f4\u017ee nikot\u00edn chr\u00e1ni\u0165 mozgov\u00e9 bunky pred po\u0161koden\u00edm<\/strong>. Je v\u0161ak potrebn\u00fd \u010fal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskum, aby vedci dok\u00e1zali \u00faplne pochopi\u0165, ako m\u00f4\u017ee nikot\u00edn chr\u00e1ni\u0165 mozgov\u00e9 bunky a pom\u00f4c\u0165 \u013eudom s Parkinsonovou chorobou.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

     <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u010co je nikot\u00edn? Nikot\u00edn je toxick\u00e1 chemick\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edva v cigaret\u00e1ch, \u017euvacom tabaku a in\u00fdch tabakov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkoch. Nikot\u00edn je rastlinn\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu. Tabakov\u00e1 rastlina<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7948","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7948","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7948"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7948\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7948"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7948"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7948"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}