Nebojte sa, nejde o\u00a0terapiu \u0161okom. Mnoh\u00e9 ochorenia, ktor\u00e9 postupne pripravuj\u00fa \u010dloveka o\u00a0pam\u00e4\u0165, by v\u010faka v\u00fdvoju mozgovej prot\u00e9zy dok\u00e1zali zlep\u0161i\u0165 kvalitu \u017eivota.<\/p>\n
Hovor\u00ed sa, \u017ee sa u\u010d\u00edme cel\u00fd \u017eivot. Od prv\u00fdch p\u00edsmen a\u00a0po\u010d\u00edtania a\u017e po stovky str\u00e1n, z\u00a0ktor\u00fdch sa sna\u017e\u00edme zapam\u00e4ta\u0165 si to najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie. U\u010denie v\u0161ak nes\u00favis\u00ed iba so \u0161kolou. V\u017edy, ke\u010f sa stretneme s nov\u00fdmi inform\u00e1ciami \u2013 napr\u00edklad receptom \u010di manu\u00e1lom \u2013 v \u010dasti mozgu naz\u00fdvanej hipokampus<\/strong> sa aktivuj\u00fa neur\u00f3ny vysielaj\u00face elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly do in\u00fdch neur\u00f3nov. Tento model je potom zak\u00f3dovan\u00fd v mozgu, a ke\u010f si nesk\u00f4r potrebujeme vybavi\u0165 inform\u00e1cie, neur\u00f3ny sa sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa na z\u00e1klade opakovan\u00e9ho vzoru.<\/p>\n Vraj \u010d\u00edm sme star\u0161\u00ed, t\u00fdm viac zab\u00fadame. Z nevinnej hl\u00e1\u0161ky sa ale niekedy m\u00f4\u017ee vyk\u013eu\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 ochorenie. zdroj: unsplash.com\n Ob\u010das sa stane, \u017ee zabudneme meno osoby sekundu po tom, ako sa s \u0148ou zozn\u00e1mime. Drobn\u00e9 v\u00fdpadky pam\u00e4ti<\/strong> nie s\u00fa ni\u010d\u00edm nezvy\u010dajn\u00fdm. V pr\u00edpade po\u0161koden\u00e9ho hipokampu neur\u00f3ny nedok\u00e1\u017eu \u00faspe\u0161ne vytvori\u0165 vzorec \u010derstvo nadobudnutej inform\u00e1cie<\/strong>. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ou pr\u00ed\u010dinou s\u00fa zranenia hlavy, ktor\u00e9 po\u0161kodia funkciu mozgu. Spomedzi ochoren\u00ed to m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 Alzheimerova choroba<\/strong> \u2013 nar\u00fa\u0161a schopnos\u0165 vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 si nov\u00e9 spomienky a pripravuje \u013eud\u00ed o tie existuj\u00face.<\/p>\n V z\u00e1vislosti od z\u00e1va\u017enosti straty pam\u00e4ti to br\u00e1ni \u010dloveku v tom, aby mohol pracova\u0165 alebo \u017ei\u0165 samostatne. M\u00f4\u017ee to by\u0165 neuverite\u013ene traumatick\u00e9 nielen pre\u0148ho, ale aj pre bl\u00edzku rodinu a priate\u013eov. Alzheimer sa dodnes ned\u00e1 vylie\u010di\u0165, lek\u00e1ri sa ale nevzd\u00e1vaj\u00fa. Pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e1 prot\u00e9za<\/strong>, ktor\u00fa vyvinuli v\u00fdskumn\u00edci z univerz\u00edt v Severnej Karol\u00edne, pou\u017e\u00edva elektr\u00f3dy na prep\u00ednanie neur\u00f3nov v hipokampe po\u010das formovania spomienok.<\/p>\n Projekt za\u010dala v\u00a0roku 2013 financova\u0165 americk\u00e1 Agent\u00fara pre v\u00fdskum pokro\u010dil\u00fdch obrann\u00fdch objektov (DARPA<\/strong>). Cie\u013eom programu s\u00a0n\u00e1zvom \u201eObnovenie akt\u00edvnej pam\u00e4te\u201c<\/strong> je vyvin\u00fa\u0165 plne implantovate\u013en\u00e9 nervov\u00e9 zariadenie schopn\u00e9 obnovi\u0165 norm\u00e1lnu pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fa funkciu. Prim\u00e1rne m\u00e1 sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 vojakom, ktor\u00ed trpia mozgov\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm alebo \u017eij\u00fa s n\u00e1sledkami poranenia mozgu.<\/p>\n V\u00fdskumn\u00edci sa najsk\u00f4r zamerali na epizodick\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165. Ide o\u00a0inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 sa v\u00a0na\u0161om mozgu zdr\u017eia len kr\u00e1tko \u2013 kde je zaparkovan\u00e9 auto, \u010do sa pod\u00e1valo na ve\u010deru alebo kedy sme naposledy brali lieky. Hipokampus zah\u0155\u0148a podoblasti naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 CA3 a CA1, ktor\u00e9 funguj\u00fa spolo\u010dne na podporu k\u00f3dovania a z\u00edskavania pam\u00e4te<\/strong>. Ke\u010f mozog zaregistruje inform\u00e1ciu na zak\u00f3dovanie, spustia sa neur\u00f3ny v\u00a0CA3 oblasti. Ozna\u010den\u00fd vstup inform\u00e1ci\u00ed do hipokampu sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a n\u00e1sledn\u00fa sekvenciu nervovej aktivity v oblasti CA1.<\/p>\n Testov sa z\u00fa\u010dastnili dobrovo\u013en\u00edci, hlavne pacienti s epilepsiou<\/strong>, ke\u010f\u017ee po z\u00e1chvatoch v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou doch\u00e1dza k strate kr\u00e1tkodobej pam\u00e4ti. Experti pou\u017eili chirurgicky implantovan\u00e9 elektr\u00f3dy na zaznamen\u00e1vanie neuron\u00e1lnej aktivity v oblastiach CA3 a CA1. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edkom \u0161t\u00fadie uk\u00e1zali jednoduch\u00fd obr\u00e1zok (farebn\u00fd \u0161tvorec). Po kr\u00e1tkom oneskoren\u00ed, po\u010das ktor\u00e9ho bola obrazovka pr\u00e1zdna, zo \u0161tyroch vzoriek vyberali t\u00fa spr\u00e1vnu.<\/p>\n Prostredn\u00edctvom predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho v\u00fdskumu vedci vyvinuli dve verzie unik\u00e1tnej pam\u00e4\u0165ovej prot\u00e9zy: \u201emodel dek\u00f3dovania pam\u00e4te\u201c (MDM) a model \u201emulti-input, multi-output\u201c (MIMO).<\/strong><\/p>\n Model MDM sleduje elektrick\u00fa aktivitu v\u00a0hipokampe. Prostredn\u00edctvom elektr\u00f3d vytvor\u00ed priemern\u00fd vzor spojen\u00fd s\u00a0existuj\u00facimi spomienkami a\u00a0doru\u010d\u00ed ho sp\u00e4\u0165 do mozgu, ke\u010f sa osoba sna\u017e\u00ed vybavi\u0165 si zapam\u00e4tan\u00fa inform\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n Pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00ed model MIMO analyzuje elektrick\u00fa aktivitu v \u010dasti hipokampu, ktor\u00e1 prij\u00edma nov\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie. Potom predpoved\u00e1 najlep\u0161\u00ed vzor elektrick\u00fdch impulzov v inej \u010dasti pre \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fa tvorbu spomienok.<\/p>\n Aby vedci zistili, \u010di by stimula\u010dn\u00e9 vzory predpovedan\u00e9 MIMO podobne vpl\u00fdvali na dlhodob\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165, pripravili druh\u00fd test. Dobrovo\u013en\u00edkom sa zobrazil v\u00fdrazn\u00fd obraz, po ktorom nasledovala dlh\u0161ia prest\u00e1vka, k\u00fdm uvideli \u010fal\u0161iu uk\u00e1\u017eku. N\u00e1sledne museli identifikova\u0165 prv\u00fa fotografiu zo \u0161tyroch alebo piatich \u010fal\u0161\u00edch na obrazovke.<\/p>\n Sofistikovanej\u0161\u00ed model MIMO priniesol v priemere najlep\u0161ie v\u00fdsledky. \u201e\u00da\u010dastn\u00edkom sa dlhodob\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165 zlep\u0161ila o\u00a011 a\u017e 54%,\u201c <\/em><\/strong>uviedol neurovedec, Robert Hampson. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 prizn\u00e1va, \u017ee sme st\u00e1le \u010faleko od praktick\u00e9ho zariadenia,<\/strong> ktor\u00e9 pom\u00f4\u017ee \u013eu\u010fom s demenciou alebo traumatick\u00fdm poranen\u00edm mozgu obnovi\u0165 straten\u00fa pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fa funkciu.<\/p>\n Spomienky tvoria podstatn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 toho, k\u00fdm sme. Progres vo v\u00fdvoji zariadenia na ich zachovanie by ur\u010dite bol pr\u00ednosom pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sa ob\u00e1vaj\u00fa, \u017ee o ne pr\u00eddu. zdroj: pexels.com\n D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm bodom v\u00fdskumu je zdokonalenie elektr\u00f3d.<\/strong> S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 by nemohli fungova\u0165 ako trval\u00fd implant\u00e1t, ke\u010f\u017ee by okolo seba vytvorili zjazven\u00e9 tkanivo. Zlyhanie by sp\u00f4sobil aj nedostatok stimulovan\u00fdch neur\u00f3nov. Po\u010das \u0161t\u00fadie ich zaznamenali 40 a\u017e 100, v\u00a0re\u00e1lnom svete by na zlep\u0161enie diagn\u00f3zy potrebovali nieko\u013eko stoviek.<\/p>\n Hipokampus nie je univerz\u00e1lnou odpove\u010fou na p\u00f4vodcu probl\u00e9mov s\u00a0pam\u00e4\u0165ou, preto je potrebn\u00e9 presk\u00fama\u0165 aj \u010fal\u0161ie org\u00e1ny a\u00a0ochorenia<\/strong>. S \u010fal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvojom je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee t\u00e1to nov\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e1 prot\u00e9za by jedn\u00e9ho d\u0148a zna\u010dne zmiernila probl\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 sprev\u00e1dza strata spomienok.<\/p>\n Zdroje: www.bigthink.com, www.sciencefriday.com<\/strong><\/p>\n Zdroj titulnej fotografie: www.pexels.com<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Nebojte sa, nejde o\u00a0terapiu \u0161okom. Mnoh\u00e9 ochorenia, ktor\u00e9 postupne pripravuj\u00fa \u010dloveka o\u00a0pam\u00e4\u0165, by v\u010faka v\u00fdvoju mozgovej prot\u00e9zy dok\u00e1zali zlep\u0161i\u0165 kvalitu \u017eivota. Ako zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 miznutiu spomienok?<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7954","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7954","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7954"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7954\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7954"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7954"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7954"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Pomoc pre americk\u00fdch vojakov<\/h3>\n
Dva sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 modely<\/h3>\n
Prv\u00fd krok k \u00faspechu<\/h3>\n