{"id":8092,"date":"2023-01-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-04T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/flynnov-efekt-ludom-sa-kazdou-generaciou-zvysuje-iq\/"},"modified":"2023-01-05T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-01-04T23:00:00","slug":"flynnov-efekt-ludom-sa-kazdou-generaciou-zvysuje-iq","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/flynnov-efekt-ludom-sa-kazdou-generaciou-zvysuje-iq\/","title":{"rendered":"Flynnov efekt: \u013dudom sa ka\u017edou gener\u00e1ciou zvy\u0161uje IQ"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00fdskumn\u00edk <strong>James Flynn v roku 1984<\/strong> prv\u00fd kr\u00e1t objavil, \u017ee sa <strong>priemern\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 IQ \u010dasom zvy\u0161uje<\/strong>. Toto zistenie sa ozna\u010duje aj ako <strong>Flynnov efekt. <\/strong>Nesk\u00f4r Flynn uviedol vo svojej predn\u00e1\u0161ke Ted Talk v roku 2013, \u017ee <strong>\u013eudsk\u00e1 civiliz\u00e1cia zaznamenala v priebehu \u010dasu ve\u013ek\u00fd n\u00e1rast IQ<\/strong>, <strong>ke\u010f\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 gener\u00e1cia dosahuje v IQ testoch st\u00e1le viac spr\u00e1vnych ot\u00e1zok. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201eAk by ste \u013eud\u00ed pred sto rokmi hodnotili pod\u013ea modern\u00fdch noriem, mali by priemern\u00e9 IQ 70. Ak by ste n\u00e1s hodnotili pod\u013ea ich noriem, mali by sme priemern\u00e9 IQ 130.\u201c<\/em> James Flynn<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"James Flynn: Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents&#039;\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.ted.com\/talks\/james_flynn_why_our_iq_levels_are_higher_than_our_grandparents\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Sp\u00f4sob n\u00e1\u0161ho myslenia sa men\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee k najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iemu <strong>n\u00e1rastu IQ<\/strong> nedo\u0161lo rovnomerne. V \u0161pecifick\u00fdch oblastiach testu, a to <strong>v oblasti klasifik\u00e1cie a anal\u00f3gi\u00ed (schopnos\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 logiku na abstrakcie), dosahuj\u00fa \u013eudia najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie zlep\u0161enie<\/strong>. James Flynn vysvet\u013euje, \u017ee to pravdepodobne reprezentuje <strong>zmeny v sp\u00f4soboch myslenia \u013eud\u00ed v priebehu \u010dasu<\/strong>, najm\u00e4 pokia\u013e ide o hypotetick\u00e9 myslenie.<\/p>\n Hypotetick\u00e9 myslenie zah\u0155\u0148a predstavovanie si mo\u017enost\u00ed a sk\u00famanie ich d\u00f4sledkov prostredn\u00edctvom procesu ment\u00e1lnej simul\u00e1cie. (Foto: Remi Turcotte, Unsplash)\n<h3>Faktory<\/h3>\n<p>Zjavn\u00fd n\u00e1rast \u013eudskej inteligencie m\u00f4\u017ee vysvet\u013eova\u0165 viacero faktorov:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pr\u00edstup k vzdelaniu:<\/strong> S ka\u017edou gener\u00e1ciou chod\u00ed do \u0161koly viac \u013eud\u00ed a \u013eudia maj\u00fa tendenciu zosta\u0165 v \u0161kole dlh\u0161ie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia expoz\u00edcia:<\/strong> Pred dvoma gener\u00e1ciami mohli by\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 \u00falohy priestorov\u00e9ho uva\u017eovania potrebn\u00e9 na hranie videohier mimoriadne n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, ale teraz s\u00fa tieto znalosti \u010dasto samozrejmos\u0165ou.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skreslenie testu: <\/strong>Sk\u00fa\u0161ka IQ m\u00f4\u017ee testova\u0165 sk\u00f4r nau\u010den\u00e9 ako vroden\u00e9 vedomosti a m\u00f4\u017ee testova\u0165 vedomosti, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa kult\u00farne cenen\u00e9. Kult\u00fary sa tak bud\u00fa postupne zlep\u0161ova\u0165 vo svojich vlastn\u00fdch IQ testoch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lep\u0161ie celkov\u00e9 zdravie a v\u00fd\u017eiva<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Hypot\u00e9za dysg\u00e9nnej plodnosti<\/h3>\n<p>Zmeny v IQ boli ve\u013emi r\u00fdchle. Pri\u010dom nameran\u00e1 inteligencia sa zvy\u010dajne <strong>zv\u00fd\u0161ila pribli\u017ene o tri body IQ za desa\u0165ro\u010die.<\/strong> Tento n\u00e1rast zdanlivo poprel predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facu hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee <strong>IQ kles\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku nepriamej korel\u00e1cie medzi IQ a plodnos\u0165ou<\/strong> (dysg\u00e9nna plodnos\u0165).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vz\u0165ah medzi plodnos\u0165ou a inteligenciou<\/strong> sa sk\u00famal v mnoh\u00fdch demografick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch. Existuj\u00fa d\u00f4kazy o tom, \u017ee na \u00farovni popul\u00e1cie s\u00fa miery inteligencie, ako napr\u00edklad dosiahnut\u00e9 vzdelanie a gramotnos\u0165, v niektor\u00fdch s\u00favislostiach negat\u00edvne korelovan\u00e9 s mierou plodnosti, av\u0161ak genetick\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie nepreuk\u00e1zali \u017eiadne d\u00f4kazy o dysg\u00e9nnych \u00fa\u010dinkoch v \u013eudsk\u00fdch popul\u00e1ci\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Mapa kraj\u00edn pod\u013ea miery p\u00f4rodnosti (2020) pod\u013ea Population Reference Bureau<\/p>\n<p>\u0160t\u00fadia <strong>Satoshiho Kanazawu z roku 2014<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edvala \u00fadaje z N\u00e1rodnej \u0161t\u00fadie o v\u00fdvoji det\u00ed, zistila, \u017ee <strong>\u017eeny a mu\u017ei s vy\u0161\u0161ou inteligenciou mali v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee chc\u00fa by\u0165 bezdetn\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>V niektor\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch za\u010dalo doch\u00e1dza\u0165 k opaku<\/h3>\n<p>Kvocient inteligencie obyvate\u013estva sa v priebehu 20. storo\u010dia zvy\u0161oval, tento jav u\u017e pozn\u00e1me ako Flynnov efekt, no <strong>v posledn\u00fdch rokoch do\u0161lo vo viacer\u00fdch z\u00e1padn\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch k spomaleniu alebo zvr\u00e1teniu tohto trendu. <\/strong>To viedlo k \u0161pekul\u00e1ci\u00e1m, \u017ee Flynnov efekt bol prechodn\u00fdm javom, ktor\u00fd odr\u00e1\u017eal zv\u00fd\u0161enie IQ vplyvom environment\u00e1lnych faktorov<strong>.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V novej knihe s n\u00e1zvom <strong><em>Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century<\/em><\/strong> (Zvy\u0161ovanie IQ v dvadsiatom prvom storo\u010d\u00ed) Flynn rozober\u00e1 svoje p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 zistenia. Vysvet\u013euje pr\u00ed\u010diny v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho zvy\u0161ovania IQ a odha\u013euje niektor\u00e9 nov\u00e9 zistenia, t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa <strong>ment\u00e1lneho \u00fapadku aj mimoriadne inteligentn\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed v star\u0161om veku<\/strong>. Nakoniec Flynn doch\u00e1dza k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee \u013eudia nie s\u00fa inteligentnej\u0161\u00ed, len s\u00fa modernej\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Keby ste sa v roku 1900 op\u00fdtali die\u0165a\u0165a, \u010do maj\u00fa spolo\u010dn\u00e9 psy a kr\u00e1liky, odpovedalo by asi takto:<em> \u201eNo, psy sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na lov kr\u00e1likov.\u201c <\/em>To nie je odpove\u010f, ktor\u00fa chc\u00fa testy IQ. Testy IQ chc\u00fa, aby sme klasifikovali. Dnes by die\u0165a pravdepodobne povedalo: <em>\u201eOboje s\u00fa to zvierat\u00e1.\u201c <\/em><strong>Deti si osvojili n\u00e1vyk klasifik\u00e1cie a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa slovn\u00edk vedy. Klasifikuj\u00fa svet ako predpoklad jeho pochopenia.<\/strong><\/p>\n <em>\u201eMozog je ako sval. Vzpiera\u010d m\u00e1 \u00faplne in\u00e9 svaly ako plavec. Podobne aj my precvi\u010dujeme r\u00f4zne \u010dasti n\u00e1\u0161ho mozgu sp\u00f4sobom, ak\u00fdm to na\u0161i predkovia nerobili. Mo\u017eno mali lep\u0161iu pam\u00e4\u0165 ako my, tak\u017ee by mali v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed hipokampus. My by sme v\u0161ak viac ako oni precvi\u010dovali ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti v prefront\u00e1lnych lalokoch. Tak\u017ee tieto oblasti by boli zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161en\u00e9.\u201c <\/em>James Flynn\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zdroj:<\/strong> SimplyPsychology, Wikipedia, PNAS, GoodTherapy, Smithsonianman<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 foto:<\/strong> Annie Sprat, Unsplash<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00fdskumn\u00edk James Flynn v roku 1984 prv\u00fd kr\u00e1t objavil, \u017ee sa priemern\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 IQ \u010dasom zvy\u0161uje. Toto zistenie sa ozna\u010duje aj ako Flynnov efekt. Nesk\u00f4r<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8092","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8092"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8092\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8092"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8092"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8092"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}