{"id":8179,"date":"2023-02-21T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-20T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/zname-paradox-ktore-vam-vyrazia-dych\/"},"modified":"2023-02-21T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-02-20T23:00:00","slug":"zname-paradox-ktore-vam-vyrazia-dych","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/zname-paradox-ktore-vam-vyrazia-dych\/","title":{"rendered":"Zn\u00e1me paradoxy, ktor\u00e9 v\u00e1m vyrazia dych"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>\u201eViem , \u017ee ni\u010d neviem.\u201c<\/em> Sokratov paradox<\/p>\n<p>Vo svete existuje ve\u013ea paradoxov, ktor\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee realita nefunguje celkom tak, ako si mysl\u00edme. Uva\u017eovanie o t\u00fdchto paradoxoch je skvel\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, ako sa vyrovna\u0165 s t\u00fdm, <strong>ak\u00e9 ne\u00fapln\u00e9 je na\u0161e ch\u00e1panie vesm\u00edru<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>\u010co je to paradox?<\/h3>\n<p>Paradox m\u00e1 r\u00f4zne defin\u00edcie v z\u00e1vislosti od toho, kde sa pou\u017e\u00edva. No stru\u010dne povedan\u00e9, paradox je <strong>tvrdenie alebo argument, ktor\u00fd si protire\u010d\u00ed<\/strong>. Paradox odporuje logike a je v rozpore s o\u010dak\u00e1vaniami \u010dloveka. Aj ke\u010f sa zd\u00e1, \u017ee si\u00a0 paradox protire\u010d\u00ed,\u00a0 v skuto\u010dnosti m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pravdiv\u00fd. Ke\u010f\u017ee sp\u00e1ja protichodn\u00e9 my\u0161lienky, n\u00fati n\u00e1s zamyslie\u0165 sa nad t\u00fdm, \u010di je to pravda alebo nie. V mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch paradox <strong>nie je ani rozhodne pravdiv\u00fd, ani nepravdiv\u00fd a vedie ku kruhov\u00e9mu uva\u017eovaniu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Paradox klam\u00e1ra<\/h3>\n<p>Tento paradox je jedn\u00fdm z najjednoduch\u0161\u00edch a <strong>z\u00e1rove\u0148 najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch paradoxov<\/strong>. V\u00fdrok <em><strong>\u201etento v\u00fdrok je lo\u017e\u201c<\/strong><\/em> je paradoxom, preto\u017ee ak by tento v\u00fdrok bol skuto\u010dne l\u017eiv\u00fd, potom by hovoril pravdu. Ak by v\u0161ak tento v\u00fdrok bol pravdiv\u00fd, potom by odporoval predpokladu, \u017ee v\u00fdrok je lo\u017e.\u00a0 Po\u010das na\u0161ej hist\u00f3rie z\u00edskal u\u017e nieko\u013eko pod\u00f4b, jednou z nich je aj <strong>Pinocchiov paradox<\/strong>. V tejto verzii vznik\u00e1 dilema, ke\u010f Pinocchio povie:<strong> <em>\u201eTeraz mi rastie nos&#8220;<\/em><\/strong>. Pinocchiovi v\u0161ak nos rastie len vtedy, ke\u010f klame, tak\u017ee ak je t\u00e1to veta pravdiv\u00e1, Pinocchiov nos nerastie. To by v\u0161ak znamenalo, \u017ee Pinocchio klame, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje, \u017ee mu nos rastie. Ke\u010f\u017ee Pinocchiov nos rastie teraz, potom by Pinocchio neklamal.<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Paradox Achilla a korytna\u010dky<\/h3>\n<p>Paradox Achilla a korytna\u010dky je jednou z mnoh\u00fdch <strong>teoretick\u00fdch diskusi\u00ed o pohybe<\/strong>. Pr\u00edbeh sa za\u010d\u00edna t\u00fdm, \u017ee ve\u013ek\u00fd hrdina Achilles vyzve korytna\u010dku na beh. Aby to bolo spravodliv\u00e9, s\u00fahlas\u00ed s t\u00fdm, <strong>\u017ee korytna\u010dka bude ma\u0165 n\u00e1skok 500 metrov<\/strong>. Ke\u010f sa preteky za\u010dn\u00fa, Achilles za\u010dne be\u017ea\u0165 ove\u013ea r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako korytna\u010dka, tak\u017ee <strong>k\u00fdm dosiahne hranicu 500 metrov, korytna\u010dka prejde len 50 metrov \u010falej<\/strong>. Ale <strong>k\u00fdm Achilles dosiahne 550 metrov, korytna\u010dka prejde \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 5 metrov<\/strong>. A k\u00fdm Achilles <strong>dosiahne zna\u010dku 555 metrov, korytna\u010dka prejde \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 0,5 metra<\/strong>, <strong>potom 0,25 metra, potom 0,125 metra<\/strong> a tak \u010falej. Tento proces pokra\u010duje znova a znova v nekone\u010dnom rade men\u0161\u00edch a men\u0161\u00edch vzdialenost\u00ed, pri\u010dom korytna\u010dka sa v\u017edy pohybuje dopredu, zatia\u013e \u010do Achilles ju v\u017edy doh\u00e1\u0148a. Logicky sa zd\u00e1, \u017ee to dokazuje, \u017ee <strong>Achilles nikdy nem\u00f4\u017ee korytna\u010dku predbehn\u00fa\u0165, <\/strong>kedyko\u013evek sa dostane na miesto, kde korytna\u010dka bola, v\u017edy mu zostane e\u0161te nejak\u00e1 mal\u00e1 vzdialenos\u0165.<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Dedu\u0161kov paradox<\/h3>\n<p>Ak budete niekedy cestova\u0165 v \u010dase, rozhodne by ste nemali zabi\u0165 vlastn\u00e9ho star\u00e9ho otca, aby ste nevytvorili nejak\u00fd <strong>druh \u010dasov\u00e9ho paradoxu &#8211; trhliny v \u010dasopriestore<\/strong>. Tento probl\u00e9m je zn\u00e1my pod n\u00e1zvom <strong>Paradox star\u00e9ho otca<\/strong>, a predstavuje hlavn\u00fd probl\u00e9m cestovania v \u010dase: <strong><em>&quot;<\/em>Ak sa vr\u00e1tite sp\u00e4\u0165 a zabr\u00e1nite svojmu narodeniu, ako by ste sa v\u00f4bec mohli vr\u00e1ti\u0165 v \u010dase?<em>&quot;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Bootstrap paradox<\/h3>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161ia h\u00e1danka oh\u013eadom cestovania v \u010dase sa p\u00fdta, ako mohlo <strong>nie\u010do, \u010do bolo vzat\u00e9 z bud\u00facnosti a umiestnen\u00e9 do minulosti, v\u00f4bec vznikn\u00fa\u0165<\/strong>. Predstavte si, \u017ee cestovate\u013e v \u010dase si v kn\u00edhkupectve k\u00fapi v\u00fdtla\u010dok Hamleta, odcestuje sp\u00e4\u0165 v \u010dase do al\u017ebet\u00ednskeho Lond\u00fdna a odovzd\u00e1 knihu Shakespearovi, ktor\u00fd ju potom prep\u00ed\u0161e a vyhl\u00e1si za svoje vlastn\u00e9 dielo. V priebehu nasleduj\u00facich storo\u010d\u00ed sa Hamlet nespo\u010detnekr\u00e1t dotla\u010d\u00ed a rozmno\u017e\u00ed, a\u017e napokon jeho k\u00f3pia skon\u010d\u00ed op\u00e4\u0165 v tom istom p\u00f4vodnom kn\u00edhkupectve, kde ju n\u00e1jde cestovate\u013e v \u010dase, k\u00fapi ju a odnesie sp\u00e4\u0165 Shakespearovi. <strong>Ot\u00e1zkou teda zost\u00e1va: <em>&quot;<\/em>Kto teda nap\u00edsal Hamleta?<em>&quot;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Teletransportn\u00fd paradox<\/h3>\n<p>Prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t sa objavil v knihe <strong>Reasons and Persons (D\u00f4vody a osoby)<\/strong> britsk\u00e9ho filozofa Dereka Parfita z roku <strong>1984<\/strong>. No podobn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky existovali u\u017e d\u00e1vno predt\u00fdm. Predstavte si, \u017ee na Zemi existuje <strong>&#8222;teletransport\u00e9r&#8220;<\/strong>, teda stroj na pren\u00e1\u0161anie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. <strong>Ulo\u017e\u00ed v\u00e1s do sp\u00e1nku, zaznamen\u00e1 va\u0161e molekul\u00e1rne zlo\u017eenie, rozlo\u017e\u00ed v\u00e1s na jednotliv\u00e9 at\u00f3my a t\u00fato inform\u00e1ciu prenesie r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou svetla niekam na Mars. <\/strong>Na prij\u00edmaj\u00facom konci na Marse stroj obnov\u00ed va\u0161e telo at\u00f3m po at\u00f3me do posledn\u00e9ho detailu. Ke\u010f sa toto telo prebud\u00ed, bude ma\u0165 v\u0161etky va\u0161e spomienky a v\u0161etky \u010dasti, ktor\u00e9 v\u00e1s robia t\u00fdm, k\u00fdm ste. <strong><em>&quot;<\/em><\/strong><strong>Je v\u0161ak \u010dlovek na Marse st\u00e1le ten ist\u00fd \u010dlovek ako ten, ktor\u00fd vst\u00fapil do teletransport\u00e9ra na Zemi?<em>&quot;<\/em><\/strong> Ste to st\u00e1le ten ist\u00fd vy, alebo ste prestali existova\u0165, ke\u010f teletransport\u00e9r zni\u010dil va\u0161e fyzick\u00e9 telo?<\/p>\n<p>Jedn\u00fdm zo s\u00favisiacich paradoxov o identite je <strong>Theseova lo\u010f<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 poch\u00e1dza zo starovek\u00e9ho Gr\u00e9cka. V tomto paradoxe ide o tento probl\u00e9m: <strong><em>&quot;<\/em><\/strong><strong>Ak nahrad\u00edte \u010dasti lode jednu po druhej, a\u017e k\u00fdm u\u017e nem\u00e1 svoje p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 s\u00fa\u010dasti, je to st\u00e1le t\u00e1 ist\u00e1 lo\u010f?<em>&quot;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"IriLWnOco0\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unitedlife.sk\/paradox-volby-mozem-vsetko-tak-nerobim-nic\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Paradox vo\u013eby: m\u00f4\u017eem v\u0161etko, tak nerob\u00edm ni\u010d<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Paradox vo\u013eby: m\u00f4\u017eem v\u0161etko, tak nerob\u00edm ni\u010d&#8221; &#8212; UnitedLife\" src=\"https:\/\/www.unitedlife.sk\/paradox-volby-mozem-vsetko-tak-nerobim-nic\/embed\/#?secret=K0yW2KYicJ#?secret=IriLWnOco0\" data-secret=\"IriLWnOco0\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unitedlife.sk\/fermiho-paradox-zivot-mimo-zeme\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.unitedlife.sk\/fermiho-paradox-zivot-mimo-zeme\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Zdroje: Facts, MentallFloss<\/p>\n<p>Ilustra\u010dn\u00e1 foto: Dynamic Wang, Unsplash<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201eViem , \u017ee ni\u010d neviem.\u201c Sokratov paradox Vo svete existuje ve\u013ea paradoxov, ktor\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee realita nefunguje celkom tak, ako si mysl\u00edme. Uva\u017eovanie o t\u00fdchto<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8179","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8179"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8179\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8179"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}