{"id":8219,"date":"2023-03-16T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/32066-2\/"},"modified":"2023-03-16T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T23:00:00","slug":"32066-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/32066-2\/","title":{"rendered":"V ka\u017edom z n\u00e1s tikaj\u00fa skryt\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 hodiny"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Bunky v \u013eudskom tele sa riadia r\u00f4znymi \u010dasov\u00fdmi cyklami.<\/strong> Niektor\u00e9 sa opakuj\u00fa raz za sekundu ako v pr\u00edpade tlkotu srdca a\u017e raz za mesiac, ako v pr\u00edpade \u017eensk\u00e9ho reproduk\u010dn\u00e9ho cyklu. Aj in\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 organizmy maj\u00fa svoje vlastn\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 cykly, ktor\u00e9 zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa r\u00f4zne in\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 r\u00e1mce. Najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie sa mno\u017eiace bakteri\u00e1lne bunky sa duplikuj\u00fa ka\u017ed\u00fdch 15 min\u00fat, medvede hibernuj\u00fa ka\u017ed\u00fd rok, niektor\u00e9 druhy cik\u00e1d sa vyn\u00e1raj\u00fa zo zeme len raz za 17 rokov a mnoh\u00e9 bambusov\u00e9 rastliny vydr\u017eia viac ako 60 rokov bez kvitnutia.<\/p>\n<p><em>&#8222;V\u0161etky tieto cykly s\u00fa riaden\u00e9 hodinami,&#8220;<\/em> hovor\u00ed doktor James Ferrell, profesor chemickej a syst\u00e9movej biol\u00f3gie a bioch\u00e9mie na Stanforde.<\/p>\n<h3>Nobelova cena za fyziol\u00f3giu<\/h3>\n<p>V roku 2017 z\u00edskali <strong>Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash a Michael Young<\/strong> Nobelovu cenu za fyziol\u00f3giu a medic\u00ednu za objavy o molekul\u00e1rnych mechanizmoch kontroluj\u00facich cirkadi\u00e1nny rytmus.\u00a0Ich objavy boli ocenen\u00e9, preto\u017ee poskytli potrebn\u00e9 vysvetlenie toho, <strong>ako si ka\u017ed\u00fd \u017eiv\u00fd organizmus dok\u00e1\u017ee prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 svoj biologick\u00fd rytmus tak, aby bol synchronizovan\u00fd s rot\u00e1ciou Zeme.<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Goes to 3 Americans for Body Clock Studies <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/LYGayIX8kq\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/t.co\/LYGayIX8kq<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; The Nobel Prize (@NobelPrize) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/NobelPrize\/status\/914941492174745608?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">October 2, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h3>\u010co s\u00fa to biologick\u00e9 hodiny?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Biologick\u00e9 hodiny<\/strong> s\u00fa prirodzen\u00e9 \u010dasovacie zariadenia organizmov, ktor\u00e9 reguluj\u00fa cyklus cirkadi\u00e1nnych rytmov. S\u00fa zlo\u017een\u00e9 zo <strong>\u0161pecifick\u00fdch molek\u00fal (prote\u00ednov), ktor\u00e9 spolupracuj\u00fa s bunkami v celom tele.<\/strong> Takmer ka\u017ed\u00e9 tkanivo a org\u00e1n obsahuje biologick\u00e9 hodiny. Tieto hodiny s\u00fa pod spr\u00e1vou takzvan\u00fdch <strong>hlavn\u00fdch hod\u00edn<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 v na\u0161om mozgu <strong>koordinuj\u00fa v\u0161etky biologick\u00e9 hodiny a udr\u017euj\u00fa ich v synchroniz\u00e1cii.<\/strong> U stavovcov vr\u00e1tane \u010dloveka s\u00fa hlavn\u00e9 hodiny skupinou pribli\u017ene<strong> 20 000 nervov\u00fdch buniek (neur\u00f3nov), ktor\u00e9 tvoria \u0161trukt\u00faru naz\u00fdvan\u00fa suprachiasmatick\u00e9 jadro alebo SCN. SCN sa nach\u00e1dza v \u010dasti mozgu naz\u00fdvanej hypotalamus a dost\u00e1va priamy vstup z o\u010d\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Cirkadi\u00e1nne rytmy\u00a0 s\u00fa telesn\u00e9, du\u0161evn\u00e9 a behavior\u00e1lne zmeny, ktor\u00e9 sa riadia 24-hodinov\u00fdm cyklom.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>\u010co o nich vieme<\/h3>\n<p>Biologick\u00e9 &#8211; cirkadi\u00e1nne rytmy s\u00fa v priebehu \u010dasu <strong>ovplyv\u0148ovan\u00e9 vzorcami spr\u00e1vania a vonkaj\u0161\u00edmi podnetmi<\/strong>. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti spojen\u00e9 s biologick\u00fdmi hodinami s\u00fa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sp\u00e1nok:<\/strong> je regulovan\u00fd biologick\u00fdmi hodinami, pri\u010dom hlavn\u00fdm vonkaj\u0161\u00edm podnetom, ktor\u00fd ho udr\u017eiava nastaven\u00fd, je svetlo.<\/li>\n<li><b>Primanie potravy:<\/b> Jedlo je hlavn\u00fdm stimulom na synchroniz\u00e1ciu cirkadi\u00e1nnych rytmov perif\u00e9rnych tkan\u00edv tela.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Metabolizmus:<\/strong> priamo s\u00favis\u00ed s cirkadi\u00e1nnym rytmom a pr\u00edjmom potravy, preto\u017ee je zodpovedn\u00fd za pl\u00e1novanie produkcie energie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Imunitn\u00e1 reakcia:<\/strong> je \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ia po\u010das bdenia, kedy potreby organizmu rast\u00fa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Starnutie: nereguluje cirkadi\u00e1nny rytmus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Transatlantick\u00e9 alebo medzikontinent\u00e1lne cesty:<\/strong>\u00a0sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa fyzick\u00e9 a psychick\u00e9 vy\u010derpanie, ako aj dezorient\u00e1ciu biologick\u00fdch rytmov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Tikaj\u00face biologick\u00e9 hodiny sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na posilnenie sexistick\u00fdch my\u0161lienok<\/h3>\n<p>Ke\u010f sa hovor\u00ed o biologick\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch, \u010dasto sa hovor\u00ed len o jednom z t\u00fdchto vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch \u010dasova\u010dov, o tom, ktor\u00fd s\u00favis\u00ed s \u013eudskou plodnos\u0165ou. Aj ke\u010f existuje mnoho vedeck\u00fdch d\u00f4kazov o tom, \u017ee <strong>po\u010det a kvalita vaj\u00ed\u010dok a spermi\u00ed s vekom kles\u00e1,<\/strong> my\u0161lienka biologick\u00fdch hod\u00edn sa stala <strong>symbolom pocitu psychick\u00e9ho tlaku<\/strong>, ke\u010f \u017eena do ur\u010dit\u00e9ho veku nem\u00e1te die\u0165a.<\/p>\n<p>\u017deny v mnoh\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch a na mnoh\u00fdch miestach poci\u0165ovali tlak, aby rodili deti. My\u0161lienka \u017eensk\u00fdch biologick\u00fdch hod\u00edn je v\u0161ak ned\u00e1vnym vyn\u00e1lezom. Prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t sa objavila koncom 70. rokov 20. storo\u010dia. <strong><em>&#8222;Hodiny tikaj\u00fa pre kari\u00e9ru \u017eeny,&#8220;<\/em><\/strong> vyhl\u00e1sil denn\u00edk Washington Post na titulnej strane svojej rubriky Metro 16. marca 1978. Odvtedy\u00a0 bolo publikovan\u00fdch mnoho pr\u00edbehov o biologick\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 sa v\u0161ak v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou zameriavali na jednotlivcov. M\u00e9di\u00e1 oslavovali profesion\u00e1lky, ktor\u00e9 sa rozhodli ma\u0165 deti a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa venovali n\u00e1ro\u010dnej kari\u00e9re, a varovali \u017eeny, ktor\u00e9 odkladali narodenie det\u00ed, \u017ee nesk\u00f4r bud\u00fa \u013eutova\u0165 svoju nerozhodnos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Ako sme u\u017e spom\u00ednali reprodukcia s vekom kles\u00e1 u oboch pohlav\u00ed. Av\u0161ak <em>&#8222;<\/em><em>tikaj\u00face biologick\u00e9 hodiny&#8220;<\/em> sa sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa v\u00fdhradne so \u017eenami.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201eO metafor\u00e1ch, ako s\u00fa &#8222;matersk\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 hodiny&#8220;, sme si zvykli uva\u017eova\u0165, akoby to v\u00f4bec neboli metafory, ale jednoducho neutr\u00e1lne opisy faktov o \u013eudskom tele. Ak v\u0161ak sk\u00famame, odkia\u013e sa tento term\u00edn vzal a ako sa za\u010dal pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165, je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee my\u0161lienka biologick\u00fdch hod\u00edn m\u00e1 rovnako ve\u013ea spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho s kult\u00farou ako s pr\u00edrodou. A jej kult\u00farnou \u00falohou bolo \u010deli\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinkom oslobodenia \u017eien po\u010das hist\u00f3rie.\u201c <\/em>Moira Wiegel<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zdroje<\/strong>: StanMed, Nigms, DoctorsFormulas, HealthLine, The Guardian<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ilustra\u010dn\u00fd Gif:<\/strong> Giphy<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bunky v \u013eudskom tele sa riadia r\u00f4znymi \u010dasov\u00fdmi cyklami. Niektor\u00e9 sa opakuj\u00fa raz za sekundu ako v pr\u00edpade tlkotu srdca a\u017e raz za mesiac, ako<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8219","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8219","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8219"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8219\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8219"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8219"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8219"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}