{"id":8314,"date":"2023-05-24T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-23T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/carovna-egyptska-kniha-mrtvych\/"},"modified":"2023-05-24T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-05-23T23:00:00","slug":"carovna-egyptska-kniha-mrtvych","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/carovna-egyptska-kniha-mrtvych\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010carovn\u00e1 egyptsk\u00e1 kniha m\u0155tvych"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Kniha m\u0155tvych je modern\u00fd term\u00edn na opis s\u00e9rie<strong> staroegyptsk\u00fdch pohrebn\u00fdch k\u00faziel, ktor\u00e9 pomohli zosnul\u00e9mu n\u00e1js\u0165 cestu do posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota<\/strong>, aby sa zjednotil s bohom m\u0155tvych Osirisom.<\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00ed \u010dast\u00fd opis tejto zbierky textov sa preklad\u00e1 aj ako<strong> Kniha vynorenia sa do svetla.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tieto texty poskytuj\u00fa niektor\u00e9 z<strong> naj\u017eiv\u0161\u00edch a najtrvalej\u0161\u00edch obrazov zo starovek\u00e9ho sveta<\/strong> \u2013 je len m\u00e1lo t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed nepo\u010duli nejak\u00fa verziu mytol\u00f3gie Knihy m\u0155tvych o posmrtnom \u017eivote.<\/p>\n<p>Zn\u00e1me v\u00fdjavy \u2013 ako <strong>v\u00e1ha v\u00e1\u017eiace srdce nebo\u017et\u00edka k pierku<\/strong> alebo ve\u010dn\u00e9 ni\u010denie du\u0161e bo\u017estvom zlo\u017een\u00fdm zo zvierac\u00edch \u010dast\u00ed \u2013 poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z Knihy m\u0155tvych.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Za\u010diatky na skarabeoch<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Existuje a\u017e takmer 200 zn\u00e1mych k\u00faziel!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>These<strong> texty maj\u00fa viacer\u00fdch autorov<\/strong> a ka\u017ed\u00e1 verzia m\u00e1 svoje vlastn\u00e9 vari\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n<p>Texty sl\u00fa\u017eili m\u0155tvym ako<strong> n\u00e1vod, ktor\u00fd mali pou\u017ei\u0165 na svojich cest\u00e1ch do posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich bol pripraven\u00fd pis\u00e1rmi &#8211; s r\u00f4znou kvalitou v z\u00e1vislosti od zru\u010dnosti pis\u00e1ra a niektor\u00e9 boli pripraven\u00e9 s pr\u00e1zdnymi miestami, aby sa nesk\u00f4r vyplnili men\u00e1 m\u0155tvych.<\/p>\n<p>Skupina textov, ktor\u00fa naz\u00fdvame Kniha m\u0155tvych, sa vyvinula z k\u00faziel, ktor\u00e9 boli <strong>prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t nap\u00edsan\u00e9 na skarabeoch a rakv\u00e1ch na konci obdobia egyptskej Strednej r\u00ed\u0161e<\/strong>, okolo roku 1650 pred Kristom.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fazla boli najsk\u00f4r <strong>nap\u00edsan\u00e9 na predmety &#8211; od m\u00famiov\u00fdch obalov cez rakvy, a\u017e po fig\u00farky<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 mali sprev\u00e1dza\u0165 m\u0155tvych v hrobke.<\/p>\n<p>Pas\u00e1\u017ee z textu s\u00fa zaznamenan\u00e9 aj na sten\u00e1ch hrobiek a dokonca aj vo <strong>vn\u00fatri zlatej masky kr\u00e1\u013ea Tuta.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V Novej r\u00ed\u0161i, okolo roku 1550 \u2013 1069 pred Kristom, za\u010dali <strong>pis\u00e1ri p\u00edsa\u0165 k\u00fazla Knihy m\u0155tvych na papyrusov\u00e9 zvitky.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Poskytli pokyny pre r\u00f4zne v\u00fdzvy, ktor\u00fdm bude zosnul\u00fd \u010deli\u0165 na svojej ceste.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fazla mali by\u0165 <strong>vysloven\u00e9 nahlas a ich umiestnenie na predmety v hrobke umo\u017enilo m\u00famii recitova\u0165 ich z rakvy. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Kniha m\u0155tvych pomohla Egyp\u0165anom pripravi\u0165 sa na posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot, kde ich bude s\u00fadi\u0165 Osiris, boh podsvetia. Zdroj: nationalgeographic.com\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot len pre vyvolen\u00fdch<\/h3>\n<p>Najstar\u0161ie z t\u00fdchto spisov, texty pyram\u00edd, boli <strong>dostupn\u00e9 v\u00fdlu\u010dne egyptskej kr\u00e1\u013eovskej rodine. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ako sa menila n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 viera v posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot, k\u00f3pie Textov rakiev \u2013 upraven\u00e1 verzia Textov pyram\u00edd \u2013 <strong>boli nap\u00edsan\u00e9 na rakve a vlo\u017een\u00e9 do hrobiek nekr\u00e1\u013eov, ako s\u00fa bohat\u00ed Egyp\u0165ania a elity. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Novou r\u00ed\u0161ou sa posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot ch\u00e1pal ako pr\u00edstupn\u00fd v\u0161etk\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed si mohli dovoli\u0165 vlastn\u00fa Knihu m\u0155tvych<\/strong>, praktick\u00fa pr\u00edru\u010dku poskytuj\u00facu k\u00fazla potrebn\u00e9 na nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, m\u00e4t\u00face a komplikovan\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161ky, ktor\u00fdm \u010delili, aby si <strong>zasl\u00fa\u017eili ve\u010dn\u00fd \u017eivot medzi bohmi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V Knihe m\u0155tvych <strong>hviezdia bohovia Osiris, spojen\u00fd so vzkriesen\u00edm, a Re, spojen\u00fd so slnkom. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee \u010fal\u0161\u00edch<strong> \u0161tyridsa\u0165dva bohov s\u00fadilo a testovalo \u010derstvo zosnul\u00fdch.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Text je vo v\u0161eobecnosti rozdelen\u00e9 do \u0161tyroch hlavn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>zosnul\u00fd vstupuje do podsvetia a znovu z\u00edskava fyzick\u00e9 schopnosti \u017eiv\u00fdch, <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>zosnul\u00fd je vzkriesen\u00fd a prip\u00e1ja sa k Re, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 vych\u00e1dzal ako slnko,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>zosnul\u00fd cestuje po oblohe pred s\u00fadom v podsvet\u00ed plnom bohov a nakoniec, za predpokladu, \u017ee du\u0161a nebola zni\u010den\u00e1<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>sa zosnul\u00fd pripoj\u00ed k bohom.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aby m\u0155tvi post\u00fapili cez zlo\u017eit\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy v t\u00fdchto f\u00e1zach<strong>, musia vyslovi\u0165 spr\u00e1vne men\u00e1 a k\u00fazla v spr\u00e1vnom \u010dase a odpoveda\u0165 spr\u00e1vnymi odpove\u010fami<\/strong> na ot\u00e1zky bohov.<\/p>\n<p>V jednom zauj\u00edmavom a kuri\u00f3znom pr\u00edpade mus\u00ed zosnul\u00fd pred prechodom pomenova\u0165 r\u00f4zne \u010dasti dver\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Na\u0161\u0165astie Kniha m\u0155tvych obsahuje v\u0161etky po\u017eadovan\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n \u010cas\u0165 Knihy m\u0155tvych, papyrusov\u00fd rukopis s hieroglyfmi a farebn\u00fdmi ilustr\u00e1ciami. Tu vid\u00edme Ani, zapisovate\u013ea posv\u00e4tn\u00fdch pr\u00edjmov v\u0161etk\u00fdch bohov T\u00e9b a spr\u00e1vcu s\u00fdpok lordov z Abydu a jeho man\u017eelku Tutu pred stolom s obetn\u00fdm m\u00e4som, kol\u00e1\u010dmi, ovoc\u00edm, kvetmi at\u010f.\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Ka a ba<\/h3>\n<p>Tieto texty boli ur\u010dite d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pre star\u00fdch Egyp\u0165anov a teraz predstavuj\u00fa<strong> jeden z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch zdrojov pre egyptol\u00f3gov, ktor\u00ed d\u00fafaj\u00fa, \u017ee pochopia egyptsk\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo a posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Okrem toho, \u017ee Kniha m\u0155tvych v\u00fdslovne opisuje posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot a \u00falohy bohov, poskytuje aj poh\u013ead na d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pojmy ako ka a ba, aspekty du\u0161e, o ktor\u00fdch sa predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee bud\u00fa \u017ei\u0165 aj po smrti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ka potreboval fyzick\u00fa formu, do ktorej sa mohol vr\u00e1ti\u0165, aby mohol existova\u0165,<\/strong> a tak n\u00e1m Kniha m\u0155tvych pom\u00e1ha pochopi\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 dobre zn\u00e1mej egyptskej praxe mumifik\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n<p>Podobne Kniha m\u0155tvych obsahuje aj<strong> k\u00fazla na uchovanie konkr\u00e9tnych \u010dast\u00ed tela a k\u00fazlo na obrad otvorenia \u00fast, ritu\u00e1l vykon\u00e1van\u00fd pred zape\u010daten\u00edm m\u00famie v hrobke<\/strong>, \u010dasto zobrazen\u00fd vo v\u00fdzdobe hrobky.<\/p>\n<p>Kniha m\u0155tvych odha\u013euje \u00fastredn\u00e9 aspekty syst\u00e9mu viery star\u00fdch Egyp\u0165anov a podobne ako mnoh\u00e9 t\u00e9my v egyptol\u00f3gii, aj na\u0161e te\u00f3rie sa neust\u00e1le menia, rast\u00fa a prisp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa s ka\u017ed\u00fdm nov\u00fdm prekladom tohto textu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kniha m\u0155tvych je modern\u00fd term\u00edn na opis s\u00e9rie staroegyptsk\u00fdch pohrebn\u00fdch k\u00faziel, ktor\u00e9 pomohli zosnul\u00e9mu n\u00e1js\u0165 cestu do posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota, aby sa zjednotil s bohom m\u0155tvych<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8314","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8314","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8314"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8314\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8314"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8314"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8314"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}