{"id":8394,"date":"2023-08-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-02T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/kvantovy-pocitac\/"},"modified":"2023-08-03T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-08-02T23:00:00","slug":"kvantovy-pocitac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/kvantovy-pocitac\/","title":{"rendered":"Ke\u010f jednotky a nuly nesta\u010dia: Kvantov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d m\u00f4\u017ee zmeni\u0165 poh\u013ead na ostatn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie"},"content":{"rendered":"

Keby nebolo rak\u00faskeho fyzika Erwina Schr\u00f6dingera, dne\u0161n\u00e1 veda by sa len \u0165a\u017eko mohla zaobera\u0165 kvantovou mechanikou. V\u010faka jeho najpopul\u00e1rnej\u0161iemu v\u00fdroku – ma\u010dka v zatvorenej krabici je z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u017eiv\u00e1 a m\u0155tva, pokia\u013e krabicu neotvor\u00edme a nezist\u00edme, ak\u00e1 je pravda<\/strong> – dok\u00e1\u017eu vedci pracova\u0165 s\u00a0kvantov\u00fdmi po\u010d\u00edta\u010dmi.<\/p>\n

Klasick\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, na ktorom mo\u017eno pr\u00e1ve \u010d\u00edtate tento \u010dl\u00e1nok, neust\u00e1le vysiela vo ve\u013emi kr\u00e1tkych intervaloch, respekt\u00edve nevysiela elektrick\u00e9 impulzy. Tie po\u010d\u00edta\u010d reprezentuje dvojkovou s\u00fastavou, a teda z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 jednotka bit vie nadobudn\u00fa\u0165 iba dva stavy \u2013 0 alebo 1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Tieto dva stavy vie nadobudn\u00fa\u0165 aj kvantov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, no jeho existencia by nemala zmysel, keby dok\u00e1zal iba to. Okrem u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00fdch stavov dok\u00e1\u017ee nadobudn\u00fa\u0165 aj stav kvantovej superpoz\u00edcie, a\u00a0teda oba stavy naraz<\/strong>, informuje port\u00e1l Science Alert. Stav v tomto pr\u00edpade nie je zap\u00edsan\u00fd bitom, ale kvantov\u00fdm bitom, ktor\u00fd sa naz\u00fdva aj qubit.<\/p>\n Zostroji\u0165 kvantov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d je jednoduch\u0161ie, ne\u017e ho naprogramova\u0165. Zdroj: unsplash.com\/@zoltantasi\n

Tu v\u0161ak nast\u00e1va jeden z\u00a0probl\u00e9mov t\u00fdchto po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov. Namiesto elektrick\u00fdch impulzov pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa elektr\u00f3ny alebo fot\u00f3ny. Tie s\u00edce dok\u00e1\u017eu by\u0165 v\u00a0oboch stavoch naraz, no len na kr\u00e1tku chv\u00ed\u013eu, k\u00fdm ich neovplyvnia extern\u00e9 podmienky.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ve preto musia by\u0165 kvantov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de uchovan\u00e9 v \u0161peci\u00e1lnych podmienkach. Od okolia s\u00fa izolovan\u00e9 v\u00e1kuom a nesmie ich ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 ani magnetick\u00e9 pole Zeme. Taktie\u017e s\u00fa ochladzovan\u00e9, aby ich teplota neprekro\u010dila -273 \u00b0C. V pr\u00edpade, \u017ee zariadenie nem\u00e1 adekv\u00e1tne podmienky, doch\u00e1dza k dekoherencii, teda kolapsu superpoz\u00edcie.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kde n\u00e1jde kvantov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d vyu\u017eitie?<\/h3>\n

Ako p\u00ed\u0161e port\u00e1l New Scientis, kvantov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de s\u00fa r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a v\u00fdkonnej\u0161ie ne\u017e tie klasick\u00e9. Dobr\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom je Sycamore od spolo\u010dnosti Google, ktor\u00fd vyrie\u0161il probl\u00e9m len za 6 sek\u00fand a pou\u017e\u00edval pri tom 70 qubitov.<\/strong> Najsilnej\u0161iemu klasick\u00e9mu po\u010d\u00edta\u010du by to trvalo nie\u010do cez 47 rokov, uv\u00e1dza Science Alert.<\/p>\n

Treba v\u0161ak podotkn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee i\u0161lo o\u00a0probl\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd bol ako na mieru u\u0161it\u00fd pre kvantov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. Klasick\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d nem\u00e1 in\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 ako ho vyrie\u0161i\u0165, okrem sk\u00fa\u0161ania neskuto\u010dne ve\u013ek\u00e9ho mno\u017estva kombin\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/strong> Neznamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee klasick\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de sa stan\u00fa minulos\u0165ou, preto\u017ee st\u00e1le existuj\u00fa situ\u00e1cie, kedy maj\u00fa navrch.<\/p>\n

Zrejme najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou nev\u00fdhodou kvantov\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da je to, \u017ee nie je flexibiln\u00fd. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kus tejto technol\u00f3gie je vybudovan\u00fd a\u00a0naprogramovan\u00fd pre jednu \u0161pecifick\u00fa \u00falohu<\/strong>, zatia\u013e \u010do klasick\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd syst\u00e9m dok\u00e1\u017ee vykona\u0165 viacero r\u00f4znych funkci\u00ed a \u00faloh.<\/p>\n Existuje len mal\u00e1 pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee by kvantov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d nahradil v\u00e1\u0161 osobn\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. Zdroj: unsplash.com\/@karishea\n

V\u00fdvoj kvantov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov m\u00f4\u017ee podstatne zmeni\u0165 viacero odvetv\u00ed na\u0161ich \u017eivotov.<\/strong> Ako informuje port\u00e1l Forbes, pomocou tejto technol\u00f3gie sa ur\u00fdchli v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch lie\u010div \u010di vakc\u00edn, taktie\u017e by mohli dopom\u00f4c\u0165 k rie\u0161eniu klimatickej kr\u00edzy. Vedci predpovedali, \u017ee j\u00fal mal by\u0165 doposia\u013e najteplej\u0161\u00edm mesiacom, o\u00a0\u010dom sme v\u00e1s informovali v\u00a0na\u0161om predo\u0161lom \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak ak sa dostane do zl\u00fdch r\u00fak, m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 obrovsk\u00e9 \u0161kody. Nie len va\u0161e hesl\u00e1, ale aj in\u00e9 \u0161ifrovan\u00e9 s\u00fabory by sa dali jednoducho roz\u0161ifrova\u0165.<\/strong> Klasick\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de nedisponuj\u00fa tak\u00fdm v\u00fdkonom, a preto by t\u00fato \u00falohu rie\u0161ili pridlho.<\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00ed krok vo v\u00fdvoji<\/h3>\n

U\u017e tak v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 stroje sa m\u00f4\u017eu sta\u0165 e\u0161te v\u00fdkonnej\u0161\u00edmi. Tvrdia to veci z rak\u00faskej University of Innsbruck, kde vyvinuli kvantov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, ktor\u00fd sa neobmedzuje len na dva stavy.<\/strong> Namiesto toho dok\u00e1\u017ee pracova\u0165 a\u017e s \u00f4smimi, kv\u00f4li \u010domu namiesto qubitov pou\u017e\u00edva qudity, \u010di\u017ee digit\u00e1lne \u010d\u00edsla, informuje port\u00e1l EurekAlert!.<\/p>\n

\u201eKvantov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my maj\u00fa prirodzene viac ako len dva stavy a uk\u00e1zali sme, \u017ee ich m\u00f4\u017eeme v\u0161etky rovnako dobre ovl\u00e1da\u0165,\u201c<\/em> povedal ved\u00faci t\u00edmu expertov Thomas Monz. Nielen\u017ee ich dok\u00e1\u017eu v\u0161etky pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165, ale ako tvrdia, nedoch\u00e1dza pri tom k zn\u00ed\u017eeniu spo\u013eahlivosti kvantov\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ako sme u\u017e spom\u00ednali, tieto zariadenia potrebuj\u00fa na ich spr\u00e1vne fungovanie \u0161pecifick\u00e9 podmienky. Ke\u010f\u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010d mus\u00ed prij\u00edma\u0165 a odosiela\u0165 d\u00e1ta, rob\u00ed tak pomocou k\u00e1blov.<\/strong> Tie v\u0161ak priv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa teplo do stroja, a t\u00fdm v \u0148om vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa tepeln\u00e9 v\u00fdkyvy, \u010d\u00edm ohrozuj\u00fa qubity.<\/p>\n

T\u00edm v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov z Massachusetts Institute of Technology, skr\u00e1tene MIT, preto pri\u0161iel s\u00a0rie\u0161en\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 tento probl\u00e9m, p\u00ed\u0161e univerzitn\u00fd port\u00e1l MIT News. V\u010faka vysokor\u00fdchlostn\u00fdm tetahertzov\u00fdm vln\u00e1m, dok\u00e1\u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010d komunikova\u0165 bezdr\u00f4tovo, \u010di\u017ee dosiahne v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu mieru tepelnej izol\u00e1cie.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aj napriek mnoh\u00fdm pokrokom v tejto oblasti, ktor\u00e9 sa odohrali ned\u00e1vno, sa kvantov\u00e1 \u00e9ra st\u00e1le nepribl\u00ed\u017eila k realite. Odborn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa schopn\u00ed programova\u0165 kvantov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, je v porovnan\u00ed s klasick\u00fdmi v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rmi ve\u013ek\u00fd nedostatok.<\/strong> \u201eJe teda pred nami e\u0161te mimoriadne dlh\u00e1 cesta,\u201c<\/em> nap\u00edsal odborn\u00fd asistent Fakulty informatiky a informa\u010dn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed Slovenskej technickej univerzity v Bratislave pre port\u00e1l .t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148.sk.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Keby nebolo rak\u00faskeho fyzika Erwina Schr\u00f6dingera, dne\u0161n\u00e1 veda by sa len \u0165a\u017eko mohla zaobera\u0165 kvantovou mechanikou. V\u010faka jeho najpopul\u00e1rnej\u0161iemu v\u00fdroku – ma\u010dka v zatvorenej krabici<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8394","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8394","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8394"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8394\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8394"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8394"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}