{"id":8401,"date":"2023-08-27T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-26T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/dokaze-biela-farba-ochladit-indiu\/"},"modified":"2023-08-27T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-08-26T23:00:00","slug":"dokaze-biela-farba-ochladit-indiu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/dokaze-biela-farba-ochladit-indiu\/","title":{"rendered":"Dok\u00e1\u017ee biela farba ochladi\u0165 Indiu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Extr\u00e9mne hor\u00fa\u010davy maj\u00fa \u0161kodliv\u00fd vplyv na \u017eeny \u017eij\u00face v indick\u00fdch slumoch.<\/span><\/span> Vyna\u0161li sa s jednoduch\u00fdm rie\u0161en\u00edm – svoje obydlia si farbia na bielo.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Pinky je 19-ro\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161tudentka strednej \u0161koly a na \u010diasto\u010dn\u00fd \u00fav\u00e4zok dou\u010duje miestne deti. Jej strecha na dome v z\u00e1padnej Indii sa leskne v jasnom slne\u010dnom svetle.<\/span><\/span> Biela reflexn\u00e1 farba proti slne\u010dn\u00e9mu \u017eiareniu pom\u00e1ha obmedzi\u0165 prenikanie tepla. Po\u010das najteplej\u0161\u00edch mesiacov sa v t\u00fdchto oblastiach dok\u00e1\u017eu teploty vy\u0161plha\u0165 a\u017e do 47,8 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V marci Pinky spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi \u017eenami naniesli na svoje strechy bielu reflexn\u00fa farbu.<\/span><\/span> Dozvedeli sa o nej na komunitn\u00fdch stretnutiach veden\u00fdch Mahila Housing Trust, neziskovou organiz\u00e1ciou, ktor\u00e1 pom\u00e1ha chudobn\u00fdm \u017een\u00e1m v indick\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch budova\u0165 tepeln\u00fa odolnos\u0165.<\/span><\/span> \u00a0\u0160tudentka tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee po farebnej \u00faprave je jej domov c\u00edtite\u013ene chladnej\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> Teraz sa so svojimi \u017eiakmi m\u00f4\u017ee po\u010das popoludnia s\u00fastredi\u0165 na u\u010denie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Domy v slume s\u00fa mal\u00e9, proviz\u00f3rne stavby vyroben\u00e9 z materi\u00e1lov zachyt\u00e1vaj\u00facich teplo, ako je c\u00edn, azbest, tehly, cement, bet\u00f3n a plachta.<\/span><\/span> \u0160t\u00fadia Central Arid Zone Research Institute predpokladala, \u017ee priemern\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00e9 teploty v Jodhpur, druhom najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161om meste v R\u00e1d\u017east\u00e1ne na v\u00fdchod od p\u00fa\u0161te Thar, sa do konca 21. storo\u010dia zv\u00fd\u0161ia o 2,9 \u00b0C.<\/strong><\/span><\/span> Mnoho \u017eien \u017eij\u00facich v slumoch po celej Indii trp\u00ed pre extr\u00e9mne hor\u00fa\u010davy. Tie sa pod\u013ea o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00ed bud\u00fa len zhor\u0161ova\u0165, ke\u010f\u017ee teploty na\u010falej st\u00fapaj\u00fa.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Biela farba je jedn\u00fdm z lacnej\u0161\u00edch alternat\u00edv ochladenia budov, no mnoh\u00ed si ju dovoli\u0165 nem\u00f4\u017eu. Zdroj: Pexels.com\n

Najhor\u00facej\u0161\u00ed marec za posledn\u00fdch 122 rokov<\/h3>\n

V roku 2022 za\u017eila India najhor\u00facej\u0161\u00ed marec za posledn\u00fdch 122 rokov.<\/span><\/span> Dvan\u00e1s\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed zomrelo na \u00fapal na podujat\u00ed pod hol\u00fdm nebom v Bombaji.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0160t\u00fadia z roku 2021 zistila, \u017ee vlny hor\u00fa\u010dav zabili v rokoch 1971 a\u017e 2019 v Indii 17-tis\u00edc \u013eud\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> <\/strong>Dusn\u00e9 teplo m\u00e1 \u0161kodliv\u00fd vplyv na zdravie a produktivitu \u017eien, skracuje ich pracovn\u00fd \u010das a zni\u017euje ich pr\u00edjem.<\/span><\/span> Organiz\u00e1cia Mahila Housing Trust preto pom\u00e1ha obyvate\u013eom natiera\u0165 ich strechy bielou farbou odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00facou slne\u010dn\u00e9 \u017eiarenie. To poskytuje jednoduch\u00e9 rie\u0161enie, ktor\u00e9 zabra\u0148uje prenikaniu najhor\u0161ieho tepla do budov a zni\u017euje vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 teploty.<\/span><\/span> U\u017e teraz prin\u00e1\u0161a ur\u010dit\u00fa \u00fa\u013eavu \u017een\u00e1m, de\u0165om i star\u0161\u00edm \u013eu\u010fom.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Tvrdia, \u017ee kone\u010dne m\u00f4\u017eu po\u010das leta pohodlne tr\u00e1vi\u0165 \u010das vo vn\u00fatri, \u010do pom\u00e1ha zlep\u0161ova\u0165 ich zdravie a z\u00e1rove\u0148 im umo\u017e\u0148uje pracova\u0165 a \u0161tudova\u0165 doma.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Neziskov\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia za\u010dala pracova\u0165 na trvalo udr\u017eate\u013enom chladen\u00ed v Ahmedabad, v z\u00e1padoindickom \u0161t\u00e1te Gud\u017ear\u00e1t, v roku 2009. Po tom, \u010do sa dozvedela o vysok\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dtoch obyvate\u013eov za elektrinu, vysk\u00fa\u0161ala rad chladiacich rie\u0161en\u00ed vr\u00e1tane bielej farby, zelen\u00fdch striech \u010di takzvan\u00fa Airlite, ktorou je<\/span><\/span>\u00a0priesvitn\u00e1 plastov\u00e1 f\u00f3lia prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00faca svetlo a zlep\u0161uj\u00faca ventil\u00e1ciu. Testovali aj ModRoof –\u00a0 modul\u00e1rnu strechu vyroben\u00fa z lepenky a po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskeho odpadu.<\/span><\/span> Zatia\u013e \u010do v\u0161etky rie\u0161enia pomohli zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 teploty, biela sol\u00e1rna reflexn\u00e1 farba bola kv\u00f4li pomerne n\u00edzkej cene najdostupnej\u0161ia.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \u013dudia \u010dasto sp\u00e1vaj\u00fa na strech\u00e1ch, preto\u017ee ich domovy s\u00fa z celodenn\u00fdch hor\u00fa\u010dav prehriat\u00e9. Zdroj: Pexels.com\n

\u017deny nam\u00e1\u010daj\u00fa z\u00e1vesy, aby ochladili svoje domovy<\/h3>\n

V roku 2017 si pr\u00e1cu Mahila Housing Trust v\u0161imli miestne org\u00e1ny a vyzvali ju, aby prispela k rev\u00edzii Ak\u010dn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu pre hor\u00fa\u010davy v Ahmedabadu, prvej politiky svojho druhu poskytuj\u00facej usmernenia na \u0161t\u00e1tnej \u00farovni na pr\u00edpravu na extr\u00e9mne hor\u00fa\u010davy.<\/span><\/span> Aktualizovan\u00fd pl\u00e1n odporu\u010dil natrie\u0165 strechy bielou ako opatrenie na zmiernenie tepla. <\/span><\/span>Pinky a \u010fal\u0161ie \u017eeny v slume sa predt\u00fdm sna\u017eili udr\u017ea\u0165 chlad v spa\u013euj\u00facich letn\u00fdch hor\u00fa\u010dav\u00e1ch navlh\u010den\u00edm z\u00e1vesov vo svojej ob\u00fdva\u010dke, pri\u010dom ventil\u00e1tor vlhk\u00fd vzduch rozf\u00fakal po miestnosti.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Tieto rie\u0161enia \u010dasto nepom\u00e1hali. Pre n\u00e1s nepredstavite\u013en\u00e9, pre nich realita. My pozn\u00e1me luxus v podobe klimatizovan\u00fdch priestorov, oni nie.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u201eNiekedy som sa c\u00edtila udusen\u00e1… ve\u010der som vracala,\u201c<\/strong> tvrd\u00ed Pinky. "<\/strong><\/span><\/span>Vn\u00fatri bolo pr\u00edli\u0161 hor\u00faco… Niektor\u00fdm de\u0165om krv\u00e1calo z nosa a kv\u00f4li teplu zvracali tie\u017e.\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Jej jedinou mo\u017enos\u0165ou bolo pitie limon\u00e1dy a u\u017e\u00edvanie antac\u00edd v snahe bojova\u0165 proti nevo\u013enosti.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

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Obyvate\u013eky v Jodhpur a Ahmedabad tvrdia, \u017ee za\u017e\u00edvali dehydrat\u00e1ciu a slabos\u0165. <\/span><\/span>Toto s\u00fa len niektor\u00e9 z pr\u00edznakov chor\u00f4b s\u00favisiacich s teplom, ako je \u00fapal, vy\u010derpanie z tepla, mdloby a vyr\u00e1\u017eky z hor\u00fa\u010davy. <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u017deny \u017eij\u00face v slumoch s\u00fa obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 citliv\u00e9 na tepeln\u00fd stres. P<\/span><\/span>o\u010das vlny hor\u00fa\u010dav v Ahmedab\u00e1de v m\u00e1ji 2010, ktor\u00e1 zabila 1 344 \u013eud\u00ed za jeden t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148, ke\u010f teploty dosiahli 46,8 \u00b0C tvorili a\u017e\u00a0 53 % \u00famrt\u00ed pr\u00e1ve \u017eeny.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Noc je pre obyvate\u013eov vyk\u00fapen\u00edm. V rann\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch peklo op\u00e4\u0165 pokra\u010duje. Zdroj: Pexels.com\n

Strata produktivity a financi\u00ed<\/h3>\n

V roku 2021 Homenet South Asia, sie\u0165 organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed pracuj\u00facich z domova, vykonala prieskum u viac ako 200 \u017eien v slumoch a neform\u00e1lnych osad\u00e1ch v Indii, Banglad\u00e9\u0161i a Nep\u00e1le, aby pochopila, ako ich ovplyv\u0148uje zmena kl\u00edmy. A\u017e <\/span><\/span>43 % \u017eien uviedlo stratu pe\u0148a\u017en\u00fdch pr\u00edjmov, zatia\u013e \u010do 41 % uviedlo, \u017ee sa zn\u00ed\u017eila ich produktivita. Do zna\u010dnej miery to pripisuj\u00fa klimatick\u00fdm zmen\u00e1m, najm\u00e4 st\u00fapaj\u00facim teplot\u00e1m.<\/span><\/span> Pracuj\u00fa \u010dasto popoludn\u00ed po\u010das najteplej\u0161ej \u010dasti d\u0148a.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Prakash Kanwar \u017eije na kopci od Pinkyho domu so svojou sedem\u010dlennou rodinou v malom trojizbovom dome. <\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span><\/strong>V hor\u00facich mesiacoch sa c\u00edtim nesvoja. M\u00e1m n\u00edzky krvn\u00fd tlak a m\u00e1m pocit p\u00e1lenia pri mo\u010den\u00ed,\u201c<\/strong> hovor\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> Nieko\u013eko kilometrov odtia\u013e, v slume Ravti, \u017eije \u013eudov\u00e1 tane\u010dnica Sanjana so svojou troj\u010dlennou rodinou v jednoizbovom dome. <\/span><\/span>"<\/span><\/span><\/strong>Teplo sp\u00f4sobilo, \u017ee moja men\u0161tru\u00e1cia bola dlh\u00e1. Ve\u013emi \u010dasto sa mi to\u010dila hlava. Nemohla som vsta\u0165 ani pracova\u0165,\u201c<\/strong> tvrd\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> V Indii mnoh\u00e9 rodiny spia na streche, preto\u017ee teplo v interi\u00e9ri je neznesite\u013en\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou je vzdel\u00e1vanie o klimatick\u00fdch zmen\u00e1ch<\/h3>\n
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Neziskov\u00e1 organiz\u00e1cia pracuje v neform\u00e1lnych osad\u00e1ch a slumoch v Indii u\u017e 28 rokov a nain\u0161talovala 30 000 chladiv\u00fdch striech v deviatich \u0161t\u00e1toch.<\/span><\/span> Okrem dod\u00e1vania farieb organizuje \u0161kolenia pre \u017eeny v slumoch, kde sa u\u010dia o klimatick\u00fdch zmen\u00e1ch a dostan\u00fa praktick\u00e9 rady, ako sa vyhn\u00fa\u0165 tepeln\u00e9mu stresu.<\/span><\/span> Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 v Jodhpur tie\u017e informuje komunity o hor\u00facom po\u010das\u00ed prostredn\u00edctvom farebne ozna\u010den\u00fdch tepeln\u00fdch upozornen\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa zobrazuj\u00fa na transparentoch v uliciach, pri\u010dom ozn\u00e1menie pri\u0161lo aj do mobiln\u00e9ho telef\u00f3nu.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u201eKolektivizujeme chudobn\u00e9 \u017eeny a u\u010d\u00edme ich o klimatick\u00fdch zmen\u00e1ch,\u201c hovor\u00ed Bijal Brahmbhatt, v\u00fdkonn\u00fd riadite\u013e MHT.<\/span><\/span> \u00a0Predt\u00fdm ako Pinky dostala slne\u010dn\u00fa reflexn\u00fa farbu, absolvovala dvojd\u0148ov\u00fd tr\u00e9ning.<\/span><\/span> \u201eDozvedela som sa, \u017ee ak d\u00e1m natrie\u0165 strechu, teplota sa zn\u00ed\u017ei o 2 a\u017e 4 \u00b0C.<\/strong> V interi\u00e9ri bude chladnej\u0161ie, ventil\u00e1tor bude f\u00faka\u0165 studen\u00fd vzduch a ke\u010f vst\u00fapime na strechu, nebud\u00fa n\u00e1s p\u00e1li\u0165 nohy,\u201c hovor\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> Spo\u010diatku bola skeptick\u00e1 a ob\u00e1vala sa n\u00e1kladov.<\/span><\/span> Veci sa zmenili, ke\u010f MHT poskytla bezplatn\u00fa farbu na 116 striech. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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\n Biela farba nie je dlhodob\u00fdm rie\u0161en\u00edm a \u010dasom sa opotrebuje. Zdroj: Pexels.com\n<\/div>\n

Rozdiely s\u00fa cite\u013en\u00e9, no t\u00ed najchudobnej\u0161\u00ed si farbu dovoli\u0165 nem\u00f4\u017eu<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
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Ak\u00e1 je teda vo fin\u00e1le ich \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165?<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0160t\u00fadia z roku 2020, ktorej autormi s\u00fa Brahmbhatt a Priya Dutta z Indick\u00e9ho in\u0161tit\u00fatu verejn\u00e9ho zdravia v Gandhinagare, porovn\u00e1vala strechy natret\u00e9 sol\u00e1rnou reflexnou farbou s t\u00fdmi, ktor\u00e9 ju nemaj\u00fa.<\/span><\/span> Zistilo sa, \u017ee teplota \u0161peci\u00e1lne o\u0161etren\u00fdch striech bola o 1 \u00b0 C ni\u017e\u0161ia ako teplota nepotiahnut\u00fdch plechov\u00fdch. Porovn\u00e1vali tie\u017e<\/span><\/span> \u0161tyri typy chladn\u00fdch striech s t\u00fdmi be\u017en\u00fdmi.<\/span><\/span> Zistilo sa, \u017ee v najteplej\u0161om \u010dase d\u0148a je ModRoof pribli\u017ene o 4,5 C chladnej\u0161ia ako strecha z azbestov\u00e9ho plechu. <\/span><\/span><\/strong>Pri bet\u00f3nov\u00fdch a plechov\u00fdch strech\u00e1ch badate\u013en\u00fd teplotn\u00fd rozdiel nebol. <\/span><\/span>Dutta v\u0161ak vysvet\u013euje, \u017ee sk\u00famala ve\u013emi mal\u00fa ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky 16 dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed kv\u00f4li nedostatku financi\u00ed.<\/span><\/span> \u0160t\u00fadia m\u00e1 aj \u010fal\u0161ie obmedzenia: neberie do \u00favahy faktory, ako je varenie na b\u00e1ze biomasy v interi\u00e9ri a nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 vetranie, ktor\u00e9 domy \u010falej vykuruje.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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Aaron Bach, vedeck\u00fd pracovn\u00edk a termofyziol\u00f3g na Griffith University v Austr\u00e1lii, ned\u00e1vno publikoval \u0161t\u00fadiu o \u00faprave tov\u00e1rne na v\u00fdrobu odevov v Banglad\u00e9\u0161i pomocou pas\u00edvneho chladenia.<\/span><\/span> \u0160t\u00fadia zistila, \u017ee \u0161tyri typy chladn\u00fdch striech, vr\u00e1tane t\u00fdch bielych, zni\u017euj\u00fa teplotu vzduchu v interi\u00e9ri pribli\u017ene o 2 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/span> \u00a0Existuj\u00fa v\u0161ak aj v\u00fdzvy, pokia\u013e ide o spr\u00edstup\u0148ovanie chladn\u00fdch striech niektor\u00fdm z najchudobnej\u0161\u00edch komun\u00edt sveta.<\/span><\/span> Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou bari\u00e9rou je ich cena. <\/span><\/span><\/strong>Biela farba sa navy\u0161e \u010dasom zhor\u0161uje<\/strong> – ke\u010f<\/span><\/span>\u00a0sa prach, \u0161pina a mastn\u00e9 ne\u010distoty nahromadia na bielych povrchoch, zn\u00ed\u017ei sa ich vysok\u00e1 odrazivos\u0165 slne\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia a t\u00fdm aj chladiaca kapacita.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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BBC.com<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Extr\u00e9mne hor\u00fa\u010davy maj\u00fa \u0161kodliv\u00fd vplyv na \u017eeny \u017eij\u00face v indick\u00fdch slumoch. Vyna\u0161li sa s jednoduch\u00fdm rie\u0161en\u00edm – svoje obydlia si farbia na bielo. Pinky<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8401","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8401","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8401"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8401\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8401"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8401"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}